OFFICIALS LEGISLATION INTEREST GROUPS PUBLIC STATEMENTS COMMITTEES VETOES

Public Statements

Office

Presidential Congressional Gubernatorial State Legislative Federal Judicial Statewide State Judicial

State

Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana National Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virgin Islands Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Issue

All Issues Abortion Agriculture and Food Animals and Wildlife Arts, Entertainment, and History Budget, Spending and Taxes Business and Consumers Business, Consumers, and Employees Campaign Finance Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Conservative Constitution Criminal Justice Death Penalty Defense Drugs Economy and Fiscal Education Elections Employment and Affirmative Action Energy Entitlements and the Safety Net Environment Executive Branch Family Federal, State and Local Relations Finance and Banking Fiscally Conservative Fiscally Liberal Food Processing and Sales Foreign Affairs Foreign Aid Gambling and Gaming Government Budget and Spending Government Operations Guns Health Insurance Health and Health Care High Priority Higher Education Housing and Property Ideology Immigration Impartial/Nonpartisan Indigenous Peoples Industries Infrastructure Issues Judicial Branch K-12 Education Labor Unions Legal Legislative Branch Liberal Low Priority Marijuana Marriage Military Personnel Minors and Children Monetary Policy National Security Natural Resources Oil and Gas Populations Priorities Religion Reproduction Science Science, Technology and Communication Senior Citizens Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Social Socially Conservative Socially Liberal Stem Cell Research Taxes Technology and Communication Trade Transportation Unemployed and Low-Income Veterans Women

Limit results to:

Date Range

Keyword Search

Search string must be longer than 3 characters.
Page 48 of 128
results per page:
75 50 25
Date Title Politician
Dec. 3, 2018 Tweet - "While it's extremely frustrating that President Trump and his administration twist the facts in order to suit their agenda, the rest of us who believe in science and share concern for future generations must continue to fight to protect our environment." Sen. Patty Murray
Dec. 2, 2018 Tweet - "President Trump has been relentless in his efforts to sabotage health care for people across the country, including #JunkPlans that actually gives insurance companies more power. Consider these rules the president's how-to guide for health care sabotage." Sen. Patty Murray
Dec. 2, 2018 Tweet - "The Trump Admin claim they stand for workers across the country, but their ongoing attempts to take away quality, affordable health coverage from them says otherwise. We must keep fighting to ensure everyone in this country has the health care they need." Sen. Patty Murray
Dec. 2, 2018 Tweet - "I believe health care should be a right. But under the Trump Administration, the number of children without access to health care coverage has increased for the first time in over a decade. That's unacceptable." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 30, 2018 Tweet - "Climate change is already wreaking havoc in WA, but it could get worse--more extreme weather creating more landslides, flooding, drought and wildfires. We must continue sounding the alarm and pushing for meaningful efforts to combat climate change." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 30, 2018 Tweet - "President Trump may refuse to accept the reality of climate change, but it can't stop the rest of us from shining a bright spotlight on the facts and continuing to fight for action--for Washington state, the devastating effects of climate change are already starting." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 29, 2018 Murray Highlights Bipartisan Success as Committee Passes Legislation to Help Families and Communities Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 29, 2018 Murray: Trump Administration Offers "How-to Guide for Health Care Sabotage" Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 29, 2018 Tweet - "As President, @realDonaldTrump has done all he can to sabotage our health care. Now, for the first time in more than a decade, the number of uninsured American children has increased." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 29, 2018 Tweet - "I'm glad we're able to come together and take this important step forward, but we have a lot more to do. I'm going to push to build on this progress with more common sense solutions to address our nation's unconscionably high maternal mortality rates." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 29, 2018 Tweet - "Unacceptable. Every person in this country should have the health care coverage they need, but under the Trump Administration, the number of uninsured American children has increased by over a quarter million." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Hearing of the Senate Health, Education, Labor & Pensions Committee - Opening Statement of Sen. Murray, Hearing on Health Care Costs Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Letter to the Hon. Robert Redfield, Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Murray Seeks Update on Ebola Outbreak Response in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Tweet - "Another reminder of the devastating effects that climate change will have in WA--impacting many communities throughout the state, including tribes and indigenous peoples and farmers." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Tweet - "Grateful to Jefferson Healthcare for ensuring that we treat sexual assault examinations as a health care priority--not an afterthought or inconvenience. I hope the implementation of the SANE program continues at medical centers throughout WA & the country." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Tweet - "Breaking a bone shouldn't break the bank, coming down with a high fever shouldn't come with a high cost, and filling a prescription shouldn't mean emptying a savings account. That's why families want us to come together to address high health care costs." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Tweet - "For us in WA, climate change is personal. It's already wreaking havoc on our environment and our economy--from longer, more devastating wildfires and smoke-filled skies, to diminishing salmon runs, ocean acidification, and changing growing seasons." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Tweet - "Climate change isn't just a problem for future generations--this is happening now in our own communities and backyards. It's time to act now." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Cantwell, Murray, Colleagues Introduce Senate Resolution Endorsing Findings of Recent Climate Change Reports & Urging Immediate Action Sen. Patty Murray, ...
Nov. 28, 2018 Tweet - "Voters were clear--they don't want Republicans to keep trying to repeal their health care, and they don't want President Trump to keep sabotaging it. They want Republicans to return to the negotiating table and work with Democrats on common sense solutions to lower costs." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 27, 2018 Tweet - "Climate change throughout WA means increases in: droughts wildfires landslides flooding diseases Things will only get worse if we do not act immediately and aggressively." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 27, 2018 Tweet - "Climate change affects everyone, from the families forced to flee wildfires, landslides, and flooding, to the farmers seeing the growing seasons change, to anyone who skis or enjoys salmon. We must take this climate report seriously and act accordingly." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 26, 2018 Tweet - "Last week the Trump Administration tried to bury the alarming facts found in its new climate report, but there's no hiding that climate change will continue wreaking havoc on our environment & our health unless we start working immediately to address it." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 26, 2018 Tweet - "From increasing wildfires to salmon losses to damaged crops & more, the impact of climate change on WA's economy & environment will be dire unless we act now to curb pollution & reverse its negative effects." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 26, 2018 Letter to Secretary Carson, HUD - Improve Oversight Of Lead Poisoning Prevention Programs Sen. Patty Murray, ...
Nov. 16, 2018 Tweet - "In just this past year e-cigarette use rose: - 48% among middle school students - 78% among high school students We must be vigilant and work to reverse this alarming trend." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 16, 2018 Tweet - "In just this past year e-cigarette use rose: - 48% among middle school students - 78% among high school students We must be vigilant and work to reverse this alarming trend." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 16, 2018 Tweet - "As of 2018, 1 in 5 high school students use e-cigarettes. Youth tobacco use is an epidemic that needs to be addressed with urgent action. I'm glad @US_FDA announced new steps, and I'm going to keep pushing to make sure we do more." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 16, 2018 Letter to the Hon. Alex M. Azar, Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, The Hon. Seema Verma, Administrator of Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, and the Hon. Steven Mnuchin, Secretary of the Department of the Treasury - Democratic Health Leaders Tell Trump to End Attacks on Americans' Health Care Sen. Patty Murray, ...
Nov. 16, 2018 Senators Collins, Cantwell Introduce Legislation to Help Americans with High Health Care Costs Sen. Maria Cantwell, ...
Nov. 15, 2018 Letter to the Hon. Andrew Wheeler, Acting Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency - Congressional Progressive Caucus Lead 114 House Democrats in Letter to Administrator Wheeler Urging Reversal of Clean Power Plan Replacement Rep. Suzan DelBene, ...
Nov. 15, 2018 Smith Joins Introduction of Legislation to Boost Therapy, Treatments for Veterans Rep. Adam Smith, ...
Nov. 15, 2018 Murray Pushes FDA To Keep Building on Efforts to Fight Youth Tobacco Use In Light of New Finding One-in-Five Teens Use E-Cigarettes Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 15, 2018 Tweet - "I'm encouraged by @US_FDA's latest plans, but there is still more work to do to protect kids from tobacco & to reverse the alarming trend of rising youth e-cigarette use." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 15, 2018 Senator Murray Pushes FDA To Keep Building on Efforts to Fight Youth Tobacco Use In Light of New Finding One-in-Five Teens Use E-Cigarettes Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 14, 2018 McMorris Rodgers, Newhouse Praise Bureau of Reclamation Announcement of $7.1 Million for Columbia Basin Project Rep. Dan Newhouse, ...
Nov. 8, 2018 Murray: Trump-Pence Administration's Latest Attacks on Women's Health an Attempt to "Steamroll Right Over the Will of the People" Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 8, 2018 Tweet - "People want us to listen to women & to hold this Admin's feet to the fire. I'm going to keep fighting against Pres Trump's ongoing attacks on women's health care." FULL STATEMENT on Pres Trump's latest steps to undermine women's access to health care:" Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 8, 2018 Tweet - "Pres Trump & his Admin continue to undermine women's health care and make it harder for them to get the care they need. This is unacceptable--we must stop this Admin from steamrolling over the will of women & men across the country. FULL STATEMENT:" Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 7, 2018 Tweet - "Dems will give power to the people--not insurance companies. We will uphold pre-existing condition protections--not strip them out. We will lower health care costs--not drive them up. If GOP truly wants to stand with families, they'll join us to stop Pres Trump's #ACA sabotage." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 7, 2018 Tweet - "Democrats want to bring down health care costs and uphold protections for people with pre-existing conditions. I hope Republicans are ready to work with us on providing quality, affordable health care to millions of people and families nationwide. #ProtectOurCare" Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 7, 2018 Tweet - "Democrats will keep fighting. For people w/ pre-existing conditions. For cancer patients & survivors. For seniors w/ health challenges. For anyone who wants quality, affordable health care. I hope Republicans reverse course & join us to help families across the US." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 5, 2018 Tweet - "Republicans keep promising they will defend protections for patients with pre-existing conditions... ...but their repeated efforts to undermine health care for countless patients and families tell a different story. #ProtectOurCare" Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 5, 2018 Tweet - "Make no mistake: Republicans will not stop until they have permanently undermined health care for millions of patients and families--including gutting Medicaid and Medicare. #ProtectOurCare" Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 4, 2018 Tweet - "The reality is that the Trump admin & 20-GOP led states are backing a lawsuit to eliminate protections for pre-existing conditions for millions of families across the country. And Democrats are fighting every single GOP attack to keep these protections." Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 4, 2018 Tweet - "Open Enrollment for health care under the #ACA is happening now. #GetCovered with quality, affordable health coverage that includes protections for pre-existing conditions. Sign up for a plan or renew https://www.healthcare.gov/" Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 3, 2018 Tweet - "Republicans are: sabotaging quality health coverage forcing families to pay more for health care with #JunkPlans Democrats are: fighting every GOP attack on quality health coverage working on lowering health care costs" Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 2, 2018 MSNBC "The Beat with Ari Melber" - Transcript: Interview with Rep. Adam Schiff Rep. Adam Smith
Nov. 2, 2018 Tweet - "When Pres. Trump tried to pass his Trumpcare bill & undermine pre-existing condition protections, most of my GOP colleagues championed that awful bill. Don't believe Republicans when they say they care--actions speak louder than words. #ProtectOurCare" Sen. Patty Murray
Nov. 2, 2018 Tweet - "Republicans' health care record: championed awful Trumpcare backed a lawsuit to end pre-existing condition protections Democrats' health care record: stood with families across the country vs. Trumpcare fought to end expanding #JunkPlans" Sen. Patty Murray
Date Title Politician
Dec. 3, 2018 Tweet - "While it's extremely frustrating that President Trump and his administration twist the facts in order to suit their agenda, the rest of us who believe in science and share concern for future generations must continue to fight to protect our environment." Sen.Patty Murray
Dec. 2, 2018 Tweet - "President Trump has been relentless in his efforts to sabotage health care for people across the country, including #JunkPlans that actually gives insurance companies more power. Consider these rules the president's how-to guide for health care sabotage." Sen.Patty Murray
Dec. 2, 2018 Tweet - "The Trump Admin claim they stand for workers across the country, but their ongoing attempts to take away quality, affordable health coverage from them says otherwise. We must keep fighting to ensure everyone in this country has the health care they need." Sen.Patty Murray
Dec. 2, 2018 Tweet - "I believe health care should be a right. But under the Trump Administration, the number of children without access to health care coverage has increased for the first time in over a decade. That's unacceptable." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 30, 2018 Tweet - "Climate change is already wreaking havoc in WA, but it could get worse--more extreme weather creating more landslides, flooding, drought and wildfires. We must continue sounding the alarm and pushing for meaningful efforts to combat climate change." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 30, 2018 Tweet - "President Trump may refuse to accept the reality of climate change, but it can't stop the rest of us from shining a bright spotlight on the facts and continuing to fight for action--for Washington state, the devastating effects of climate change are already starting." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 29, 2018 Murray Highlights Bipartisan Success as Committee Passes Legislation to Help Families and Communities Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 29, 2018 Murray: Trump Administration Offers "How-to Guide for Health Care Sabotage" Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 29, 2018 Tweet - "As President, @realDonaldTrump has done all he can to sabotage our health care. Now, for the first time in more than a decade, the number of uninsured American children has increased." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 29, 2018 Tweet - "I'm glad we're able to come together and take this important step forward, but we have a lot more to do. I'm going to push to build on this progress with more common sense solutions to address our nation's unconscionably high maternal mortality rates." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 29, 2018 Tweet - "Unacceptable. Every person in this country should have the health care coverage they need, but under the Trump Administration, the number of uninsured American children has increased by over a quarter million." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Hearing of the Senate Health, Education, Labor & Pensions Committee - Opening Statement of Sen. Murray, Hearing on Health Care Costs Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Letter to the Hon. Robert Redfield, Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Murray Seeks Update on Ebola Outbreak Response in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Tweet - "Another reminder of the devastating effects that climate change will have in WA--impacting many communities throughout the state, including tribes and indigenous peoples and farmers." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Tweet - "Grateful to Jefferson Healthcare for ensuring that we treat sexual assault examinations as a health care priority--not an afterthought or inconvenience. I hope the implementation of the SANE program continues at medical centers throughout WA & the country." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Tweet - "Breaking a bone shouldn't break the bank, coming down with a high fever shouldn't come with a high cost, and filling a prescription shouldn't mean emptying a savings account. That's why families want us to come together to address high health care costs." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Tweet - "For us in WA, climate change is personal. It's already wreaking havoc on our environment and our economy--from longer, more devastating wildfires and smoke-filled skies, to diminishing salmon runs, ocean acidification, and changing growing seasons." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Tweet - "Climate change isn't just a problem for future generations--this is happening now in our own communities and backyards. It's time to act now." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 28, 2018 Cantwell, Murray, Colleagues Introduce Senate Resolution Endorsing Findings of Recent Climate Change Reports & Urging Immediate Action Sen.Patty Murray, ...
Nov. 28, 2018 Tweet - "Voters were clear--they don't want Republicans to keep trying to repeal their health care, and they don't want President Trump to keep sabotaging it. They want Republicans to return to the negotiating table and work with Democrats on common sense solutions to lower costs." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 27, 2018 Tweet - "Climate change throughout WA means increases in: droughts wildfires landslides flooding diseases Things will only get worse if we do not act immediately and aggressively." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 27, 2018 Tweet - "Climate change affects everyone, from the families forced to flee wildfires, landslides, and flooding, to the farmers seeing the growing seasons change, to anyone who skis or enjoys salmon. We must take this climate report seriously and act accordingly." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 26, 2018 Tweet - "Last week the Trump Administration tried to bury the alarming facts found in its new climate report, but there's no hiding that climate change will continue wreaking havoc on our environment & our health unless we start working immediately to address it." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 26, 2018 Tweet - "From increasing wildfires to salmon losses to damaged crops & more, the impact of climate change on WA's economy & environment will be dire unless we act now to curb pollution & reverse its negative effects." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 26, 2018 Letter to Secretary Carson, HUD - Improve Oversight Of Lead Poisoning Prevention Programs Sen.Patty Murray, ...
Nov. 16, 2018 Tweet - "In just this past year e-cigarette use rose: - 48% among middle school students - 78% among high school students We must be vigilant and work to reverse this alarming trend." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 16, 2018 Tweet - "In just this past year e-cigarette use rose: - 48% among middle school students - 78% among high school students We must be vigilant and work to reverse this alarming trend." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 16, 2018 Tweet - "As of 2018, 1 in 5 high school students use e-cigarettes. Youth tobacco use is an epidemic that needs to be addressed with urgent action. I'm glad @US_FDA announced new steps, and I'm going to keep pushing to make sure we do more." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 16, 2018 Letter to the Hon. Alex M. Azar, Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services, The Hon. Seema Verma, Administrator of Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, and the Hon. Steven Mnuchin, Secretary of the Department of the Treasury - Democratic Health Leaders Tell Trump to End Attacks on Americans' Health Care Sen.Patty Murray, ...
Nov. 16, 2018 Senators Collins, Cantwell Introduce Legislation to Help Americans with High Health Care Costs Sen.Maria Cantwell, ...
Nov. 15, 2018 Letter to the Hon. Andrew Wheeler, Acting Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency - Congressional Progressive Caucus Lead 114 House Democrats in Letter to Administrator Wheeler Urging Reversal of Clean Power Plan Replacement Rep.Suzan DelBene, ...
Nov. 15, 2018 Smith Joins Introduction of Legislation to Boost Therapy, Treatments for Veterans Rep.Adam Smith, ...
Nov. 15, 2018 Murray Pushes FDA To Keep Building on Efforts to Fight Youth Tobacco Use In Light of New Finding One-in-Five Teens Use E-Cigarettes Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 15, 2018 Tweet - "I'm encouraged by @US_FDA's latest plans, but there is still more work to do to protect kids from tobacco & to reverse the alarming trend of rising youth e-cigarette use." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 15, 2018 Senator Murray Pushes FDA To Keep Building on Efforts to Fight Youth Tobacco Use In Light of New Finding One-in-Five Teens Use E-Cigarettes Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 14, 2018 McMorris Rodgers, Newhouse Praise Bureau of Reclamation Announcement of $7.1 Million for Columbia Basin Project Rep.Dan Newhouse, ...
Nov. 8, 2018 Murray: Trump-Pence Administration's Latest Attacks on Women's Health an Attempt to "Steamroll Right Over the Will of the People" Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 8, 2018 Tweet - "People want us to listen to women & to hold this Admin's feet to the fire. I'm going to keep fighting against Pres Trump's ongoing attacks on women's health care." FULL STATEMENT on Pres Trump's latest steps to undermine women's access to health care:" Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 8, 2018 Tweet - "Pres Trump & his Admin continue to undermine women's health care and make it harder for them to get the care they need. This is unacceptable--we must stop this Admin from steamrolling over the will of women & men across the country. FULL STATEMENT:" Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 7, 2018 Tweet - "Dems will give power to the people--not insurance companies. We will uphold pre-existing condition protections--not strip them out. We will lower health care costs--not drive them up. If GOP truly wants to stand with families, they'll join us to stop Pres Trump's #ACA sabotage." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 7, 2018 Tweet - "Democrats want to bring down health care costs and uphold protections for people with pre-existing conditions. I hope Republicans are ready to work with us on providing quality, affordable health care to millions of people and families nationwide. #ProtectOurCare" Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 7, 2018 Tweet - "Democrats will keep fighting. For people w/ pre-existing conditions. For cancer patients & survivors. For seniors w/ health challenges. For anyone who wants quality, affordable health care. I hope Republicans reverse course & join us to help families across the US." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 5, 2018 Tweet - "Republicans keep promising they will defend protections for patients with pre-existing conditions... ...but their repeated efforts to undermine health care for countless patients and families tell a different story. #ProtectOurCare" Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 5, 2018 Tweet - "Make no mistake: Republicans will not stop until they have permanently undermined health care for millions of patients and families--including gutting Medicaid and Medicare. #ProtectOurCare" Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 4, 2018 Tweet - "The reality is that the Trump admin & 20-GOP led states are backing a lawsuit to eliminate protections for pre-existing conditions for millions of families across the country. And Democrats are fighting every single GOP attack to keep these protections." Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 4, 2018 Tweet - "Open Enrollment for health care under the #ACA is happening now. #GetCovered with quality, affordable health coverage that includes protections for pre-existing conditions. Sign up for a plan or renew https://www.healthcare.gov/" Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 3, 2018 Tweet - "Republicans are: sabotaging quality health coverage forcing families to pay more for health care with #JunkPlans Democrats are: fighting every GOP attack on quality health coverage working on lowering health care costs" Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 2, 2018 MSNBC "The Beat with Ari Melber" - Transcript: Interview with Rep. Adam Schiff Rep.Adam Smith
Nov. 2, 2018 Tweet - "When Pres. Trump tried to pass his Trumpcare bill & undermine pre-existing condition protections, most of my GOP colleagues championed that awful bill. Don't believe Republicans when they say they care--actions speak louder than words. #ProtectOurCare" Sen.Patty Murray
Nov. 2, 2018 Tweet - "Republicans' health care record: championed awful Trumpcare backed a lawsuit to end pre-existing condition protections Democrats' health care record: stood with families across the country vs. Trumpcare fought to end expanding #JunkPlans" Sen.Patty Murray
Page 48 of 128
arrow_upward