×
Meet Civic Sage
Ask real questions about politics—and get clear, factual answers.
Civic Sage pulls directly from
Vote Smart's verified, nonpartisan research.
No opinions. No spin. Just trusted context.
Built with boundaries, on purpose
So you get facts you can trust.
You can ask about:
Your representatives & their biographies
Voting records, legislation, & ballots
Special interest groups & political influence
How government works
Start Chatting
Learn More
HAVE OUR BACKS
Sign Up
Already Registered?
face
lock_outline
×
Sign Up
Already Registered?
face
lock_outline
THE FACTS
BIO
BIO
VOTES
VOTES
POSITIONS
POSITIONS
RATINGS
RATINGS
Donate
No Thank You
OFFICIALS
LEGISLATION
INTEREST GROUPS
PUBLIC STATEMENTS
COMMITTEES
VETOES
Public Statements
Reset All Filters
Office
Congressional
Presidential
Congressional
Gubernatorial
State Legislative
Federal Judicial
Statewide
State Judicial
State
Maryland
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
National
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Issue
select issue
All Issues
Abortion
Agriculture and Food
Animals and Wildlife
Arts, Entertainment, and History
Budget, Spending and Taxes
Business and Consumers
Business, Consumers, and Employees
Campaign Finance
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
Conservative
Constitution
Criminal Justice
Death Penalty
Defense
Drugs
Economy and Fiscal
Education
Elections
Employment and Affirmative Action
Energy
Entitlements and the Safety Net
Environment
Executive Branch
Family
Federal, State and Local Relations
Finance and Banking
Fiscally Conservative
Fiscally Liberal
Food Processing and Sales
Foreign Affairs
Foreign Aid
Gambling and Gaming
Government Budget and Spending
Government Operations
Guns
Health Insurance
Health and Health Care
High Priority
Higher Education
Housing and Property
Ideology
Immigration
Impartial/Nonpartisan
Indigenous Peoples
Industries
Infrastructure
Issues
Judicial Branch
K-12 Education
Labor Unions
Legal
Legislative Branch
Liberal
Low Priority
Marijuana
Marriage
Military Personnel
Minors and Children
Monetary Policy
National Security
Natural Resources
Oil and Gas
Populations
Priorities
Religion
Reproduction
Science
Science, Technology and Communication
Senior Citizens
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Social
Socially Conservative
Socially Liberal
Stem Cell Research
Taxes
Technology and Communication
Trade
Transportation
Unemployed and Low-Income
Veterans
Women
Limit results to:
Officials
Candidates
Date Range
Start Date
End Date
Apply
Keyword Search
enter search term
Search string must be longer than 3 characters.
Page 52 of 403
chevron_left
51
52
53
54
55
chevron_right
results per page:
50
75
50
25
Date
Title
Politician
July 28, 2021
Congresswoman Clarke and Senator Van Hollen Applaud FCC Decision to Move Forward on Workforce Diversity Initiative
Sen. Chris Van Hollen, ...
July 28, 2021
Tweet - "I applaud @POTUS for keeping his promise to ensure that more of the products purchased by taxpayers are made in America & create good-paying jobs. His #BuyAmerican rule goes hand-in-hand with House Dems' #MakeItInAmerica plan for jobs & opportunity."
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Tweet - "I applaud @POTUS for keeping his promise to ensure that more of the products purchased by taxpayers are made in America & create good-paying jobs. His #BuyAmerican rule goes hand-in-hand with House Dems' #MakeItInAmerica plan for jobs & opportunity."
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Tweet - "I've been proud to partner with @RepJeffries to call for increased funding for Congressional staff pay, which is vital to recruiting & retaining talented staff. I'm pleased the Leg Branch appropriation bill passed by the House tonight includes that change."
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Tweet - "I've been proud to partner with @RepJeffries to call for increased funding for Congressional staff pay, which is vital to recruiting & retaining talented staff. I'm pleased the Leg Branch appropriation bill passed by the House tonight includes that change."
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Portman, Colleagues Release Statement on Breakdown of Georgian April 19 Agreement
Sen. Chris Van Hollen, ...
July 28, 2021
Letter to Dr. Anthony Fauci, M.D., National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases - Rep. Roy demands answers on Fauci emails
Rep. Andy Harris, ...
July 28, 2021
Hoyer Statement on Tonight's Cloture Vote on the Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Hoyer, Jeffries Applaud House Passage of Legislative Branch Appropriations Bill Increasing Funding for Congressional Staff Pay
Rep. Steny Hoyer, ...
July 28, 2021
Motion to Reconsider on Adoption of House Resolution 567
Rep. Jamie Raskin
July 28, 2021
Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2022
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Hoyer Statement on the Biden Administration's Proposal to Create Jobs and Support American Businesses
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Hoyer Statement on the Biden Administration's Proposal to Create Jobs and Support American Businesses
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Van Hollen, Clarke Applaud FCC Decision to Move Forward on Workforce Diversity Initiative
Sen. Chris Van Hollen
July 28, 2021
Van Hollen, Cardin Announce Inclusion of Initiative to Reconnect Communities, Remove Harmful Infrastructure Like Baltimore's Highway to Nowhere within Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal
Sen. Chris Van Hollen
July 28, 2021
Van Hollen Joins Bipartisan Colleagues in Statement on Breakdown of Georgian April 19 Agreement
Sen. Chris Van Hollen
July 28, 2021
Shaheen, Johnson Lead Bipartisan Statement on Breakdown of Georgian April 19 Agreement
Sen. Chris Van Hollen, ...
July 28, 2021
Senators Van Hollen, Markey, Carper, Whitehouse, Cardin Reintroduce Legislation To Magnify Offshore Wind Workforce Training
Sen. Chris Van Hollen
July 27, 2021
MSNBC "The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell" - Transcript: Interview with Jamie Raskin
Rep. Jamie Raskin
July 27, 2021
Tweet - "I opened my press conference by thanking the brave @CapitolPolice & @DCPoliceDept officers testifying before @January6thCmte . This cmte is committed to the truth. We will not allow Republicans to whitewash that day; our democracy was attacked & we cannot let that happen again."
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 27, 2021
Tweet - "I'm deeply moved by the testimony of @CapitolPolice & @DCPoliceDept officers who are sharing their stories & experiences with the @January6thCmte . Their testimony is essential to learning the truth of #January6, so we can ensure this never happens again."
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 27, 2021
Tweet - "I'm deeply moved by the testimony of @CapitolPolice & @DCPoliceDept officers who are sharing their stories & experiences with the @January6thCmte . Their testimony is essential to learning the truth of #January6, so we can ensure this never happens again."
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 27, 2021
Tweet - "I opened my press conference by thanking the brave @CapitolPolice & @DCPoliceDept officers testifying before @January6thCmte . This cmte is committed to the truth. We will not allow Republicans to whitewash that day; our democracy was attacked & we cannot let that happen again."
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 27, 2021
Tweet - "Proud to join 72 of my colleagues in a letter led by the @DemWomenCaucus urging the @NCAA to provide greater transparency about current gender inequities in college athletics and their plans to rectify disparate conditions for women athletes."
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 27, 2021
Letter to Hon. Michael S. Regan, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency - Matsui And Colleagues Urge Epa To Reinstate Waiver For California's Clean Car Standards
Rep. Jamie Raskin, ...
July 27, 2021
Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, Agriculture, Rural Development, Energy and Water Development, Financial Services and General Government, Interior, Environment, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Transportation, and Housing and Urban Development Appropriations Act, 2022
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 27, 2021
Van Hollen Applauds Proposed Security Supplemental with Funding for U.S. Capitol Police, Maryland National Guard, D.C. Police
Sen. Chris Van Hollen
July 26, 2021
Van Hollen, Cardin, Praise Biden Nominee Erek Barron for U.S. Attorney for the District of Maryland
Sen. Chris Van Hollen
July 26, 2021
MSNBC "The Rachel Maddow Show" - Transcript: Interview with Jamie Raskin
Rep. Jamie Raskin
July 26, 2021
Letter to Hon. Antony Blinken, Secretary of State - U.S. Rep. Lawrence Joins Over 200 Bipartisan Members of Congress in Effort to Fix Passport Debacle and Address the Backlog
Rep. Jamie Raskin, ...
July 26, 2021
Van Hollen, Cardin, Submit Appropriations Requests Supporting Local Workforce Training, Health Care, and Education Projects
Sen. Chris Van Hollen
July 26, 2021
Van Hollen, Markey, and Rep. Meng Introduce Bicameral Legislation to Close the Homework Gap, Get More Students Online
Sen. Chris Van Hollen
July 26, 2021
Hoyer, Brown Applaud Nomination of Del. Erek Barron to be Next US Attorney for the District of Maryland
Rep. Steny Hoyer, ...
July 26, 2021
CNN "Erin Burnett Outfront" - Transcript: Interview with Jamie Raskin
Rep. Jamie Raskin
July 26, 2021
Raising A Question of the Privileges of the House
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 26, 2021
Letter to the Hon. Joseph R. Biden, President of the United States - Opposing White House Censorship Plan
Rep. Andy Harris, ...
July 26, 2021
Tweet - "I was honored to celebrate #ADA31 at the @WhiteHouse today. I applaud @POTUS for his work to ensure that those suffering from the effects of Long COVID-19 are protected & that those with disabilities are included in his #BuildBackBetter agenda. https://bit.ly/373O3lK"
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 26, 2021
In Letter to Secretary of State Blinken, Senators Van Hollen, Markey, Colleagues Urge the United States to Press the Philippine Government on Human Rights Violations
Sen. Chris Van Hollen
July 26, 2021
Tweet - "Too many unvaccinated Marylanders have died from COVID-19. Vaccines are safe, free, and available in communities throughout #MD05. Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated today. Find a clinic near you here:"
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 26, 2021
Hoyer Discusses the 31st Anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act and the 1/6 Select Committee on MSNBC's "Andrea Mitchell Reports"
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 26, 2021
Hoyer Statement on the 31st Anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 26, 2021
Tweet - "The expanded #ChildTaxCredit will provide Maryland families with the resources they need to ensure our children are set for success. To find out more about the monthly automatic payments, click here: https://hoyer.house.gov/CTC"
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 26, 2021
Tweet - "I was honored to celebrate #ADA31 at the @WhiteHouse today. I applaud @POTUS for his work to ensure that those suffering from the effects of Long COVID-19 are protected & that those with disabilities are included in his #BuildBackBetter agenda. https://bit.ly/373O3lK"
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 24, 2021
Tweet - "I join in congratulating Tom Manger on being sworn-in to lead the @CapitolPolice . I look forward to working with Chief Manger to ensure that those who serve in the USCP have the tools they need to perform their duties safely & effectively."
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 24, 2021
Tweet - "This is me in 2009, when the federal minimum wage increased to $7.25. This is me today. The federal minimum wage is *still* $7.25. While my affinity for yellow ties has stayed the same; we are long overdue to #RaiseTheWage. #12YearChallenge"
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 24, 2021
Tweet - "I join in congratulating Tom Manger on being sworn-in to lead the @CapitolPolice . I look forward to working with Chief Manger to ensure that those who serve in the USCP have the tools they need to perform their duties safely & effectively."
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 23, 2021
Letter to Hon. Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the House and Hon. Charles Schumer, Majority Leader of the Senate - Jayapal Leads Lawmakers in Calling for $34 Billion to Improve Global Vaccine Distribution
Rep. Jamie Raskin, ...
July 23, 2021
Tweet - "I am proud to support the #RaiseTheWage Act. Tomorrow marks 12 years with no increase in the federal minimum wage. American workers should have the tools they need to #MakeItInAmerica & House Dems remain committed to ensuring workers can provide for themselves & their families."
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 23, 2021
Tweet - ". @SecYellen 's letter reminds all of us what can happen when politics trumps rationality. It is unconscionable that the U.S. finds itself facing another protracted negotiation & risks default because Republicans want to play politics with our economy."
Rep. Steny Hoyer
July 23, 2021
Van Hollen Applauds Selection of Tom Manger to Head U.S. Capitol Police
Sen. Chris Van Hollen
Date
Title
Politician
July 28, 2021
Congresswoman Clarke and Senator Van Hollen Applaud FCC Decision to Move Forward on Workforce Diversity Initiative
Sen.Chris Van Hollen, ...
July 28, 2021
Tweet - "I applaud @POTUS for keeping his promise to ensure that more of the products purchased by taxpayers are made in America & create good-paying jobs. His #BuyAmerican rule goes hand-in-hand with House Dems' #MakeItInAmerica plan for jobs & opportunity."
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Tweet - "I applaud @POTUS for keeping his promise to ensure that more of the products purchased by taxpayers are made in America & create good-paying jobs. His #BuyAmerican rule goes hand-in-hand with House Dems' #MakeItInAmerica plan for jobs & opportunity."
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Tweet - "I've been proud to partner with @RepJeffries to call for increased funding for Congressional staff pay, which is vital to recruiting & retaining talented staff. I'm pleased the Leg Branch appropriation bill passed by the House tonight includes that change."
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Tweet - "I've been proud to partner with @RepJeffries to call for increased funding for Congressional staff pay, which is vital to recruiting & retaining talented staff. I'm pleased the Leg Branch appropriation bill passed by the House tonight includes that change."
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Portman, Colleagues Release Statement on Breakdown of Georgian April 19 Agreement
Sen.Chris Van Hollen, ...
July 28, 2021
Letter to Dr. Anthony Fauci, M.D., National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases - Rep. Roy demands answers on Fauci emails
Rep.Andy Harris, ...
July 28, 2021
Hoyer Statement on Tonight's Cloture Vote on the Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Hoyer, Jeffries Applaud House Passage of Legislative Branch Appropriations Bill Increasing Funding for Congressional Staff Pay
Rep.Steny Hoyer, ...
July 28, 2021
Motion to Reconsider on Adoption of House Resolution 567
Rep.Jamie Raskin
July 28, 2021
Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2022
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Hoyer Statement on the Biden Administration's Proposal to Create Jobs and Support American Businesses
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Hoyer Statement on the Biden Administration's Proposal to Create Jobs and Support American Businesses
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 28, 2021
Van Hollen, Clarke Applaud FCC Decision to Move Forward on Workforce Diversity Initiative
Sen.Chris Van Hollen
July 28, 2021
Van Hollen, Cardin Announce Inclusion of Initiative to Reconnect Communities, Remove Harmful Infrastructure Like Baltimore's Highway to Nowhere within Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal
Sen.Chris Van Hollen
July 28, 2021
Van Hollen Joins Bipartisan Colleagues in Statement on Breakdown of Georgian April 19 Agreement
Sen.Chris Van Hollen
July 28, 2021
Shaheen, Johnson Lead Bipartisan Statement on Breakdown of Georgian April 19 Agreement
Sen.Chris Van Hollen, ...
July 28, 2021
Senators Van Hollen, Markey, Carper, Whitehouse, Cardin Reintroduce Legislation To Magnify Offshore Wind Workforce Training
Sen.Chris Van Hollen
July 27, 2021
MSNBC "The Last Word with Lawrence O'Donnell" - Transcript: Interview with Jamie Raskin
Rep.Jamie Raskin
July 27, 2021
Tweet - "I opened my press conference by thanking the brave @CapitolPolice & @DCPoliceDept officers testifying before @January6thCmte . This cmte is committed to the truth. We will not allow Republicans to whitewash that day; our democracy was attacked & we cannot let that happen again."
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 27, 2021
Tweet - "I'm deeply moved by the testimony of @CapitolPolice & @DCPoliceDept officers who are sharing their stories & experiences with the @January6thCmte . Their testimony is essential to learning the truth of #January6, so we can ensure this never happens again."
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 27, 2021
Tweet - "I'm deeply moved by the testimony of @CapitolPolice & @DCPoliceDept officers who are sharing their stories & experiences with the @January6thCmte . Their testimony is essential to learning the truth of #January6, so we can ensure this never happens again."
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 27, 2021
Tweet - "I opened my press conference by thanking the brave @CapitolPolice & @DCPoliceDept officers testifying before @January6thCmte . This cmte is committed to the truth. We will not allow Republicans to whitewash that day; our democracy was attacked & we cannot let that happen again."
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 27, 2021
Tweet - "Proud to join 72 of my colleagues in a letter led by the @DemWomenCaucus urging the @NCAA to provide greater transparency about current gender inequities in college athletics and their plans to rectify disparate conditions for women athletes."
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 27, 2021
Letter to Hon. Michael S. Regan, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency - Matsui And Colleagues Urge Epa To Reinstate Waiver For California's Clean Car Standards
Rep.Jamie Raskin, ...
July 27, 2021
Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, Agriculture, Rural Development, Energy and Water Development, Financial Services and General Government, Interior, Environment, Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, Transportation, and Housing and Urban Development Appropriations Act, 2022
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 27, 2021
Van Hollen Applauds Proposed Security Supplemental with Funding for U.S. Capitol Police, Maryland National Guard, D.C. Police
Sen.Chris Van Hollen
July 26, 2021
Van Hollen, Cardin, Praise Biden Nominee Erek Barron for U.S. Attorney for the District of Maryland
Sen.Chris Van Hollen
July 26, 2021
MSNBC "The Rachel Maddow Show" - Transcript: Interview with Jamie Raskin
Rep.Jamie Raskin
July 26, 2021
Letter to Hon. Antony Blinken, Secretary of State - U.S. Rep. Lawrence Joins Over 200 Bipartisan Members of Congress in Effort to Fix Passport Debacle and Address the Backlog
Rep.Jamie Raskin, ...
July 26, 2021
Van Hollen, Cardin, Submit Appropriations Requests Supporting Local Workforce Training, Health Care, and Education Projects
Sen.Chris Van Hollen
July 26, 2021
Van Hollen, Markey, and Rep. Meng Introduce Bicameral Legislation to Close the Homework Gap, Get More Students Online
Sen.Chris Van Hollen
July 26, 2021
Hoyer, Brown Applaud Nomination of Del. Erek Barron to be Next US Attorney for the District of Maryland
Rep.Steny Hoyer, ...
July 26, 2021
CNN "Erin Burnett Outfront" - Transcript: Interview with Jamie Raskin
Rep.Jamie Raskin
July 26, 2021
Raising A Question of the Privileges of the House
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 26, 2021
Letter to the Hon. Joseph R. Biden, President of the United States - Opposing White House Censorship Plan
Rep.Andy Harris, ...
July 26, 2021
Tweet - "I was honored to celebrate #ADA31 at the @WhiteHouse today. I applaud @POTUS for his work to ensure that those suffering from the effects of Long COVID-19 are protected & that those with disabilities are included in his #BuildBackBetter agenda. https://bit.ly/373O3lK"
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 26, 2021
In Letter to Secretary of State Blinken, Senators Van Hollen, Markey, Colleagues Urge the United States to Press the Philippine Government on Human Rights Violations
Sen.Chris Van Hollen
July 26, 2021
Tweet - "Too many unvaccinated Marylanders have died from COVID-19. Vaccines are safe, free, and available in communities throughout #MD05. Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated today. Find a clinic near you here:"
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 26, 2021
Hoyer Discusses the 31st Anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act and the 1/6 Select Committee on MSNBC's "Andrea Mitchell Reports"
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 26, 2021
Hoyer Statement on the 31st Anniversary of the Americans with Disabilities Act
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 26, 2021
Tweet - "The expanded #ChildTaxCredit will provide Maryland families with the resources they need to ensure our children are set for success. To find out more about the monthly automatic payments, click here: https://hoyer.house.gov/CTC"
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 26, 2021
Tweet - "I was honored to celebrate #ADA31 at the @WhiteHouse today. I applaud @POTUS for his work to ensure that those suffering from the effects of Long COVID-19 are protected & that those with disabilities are included in his #BuildBackBetter agenda. https://bit.ly/373O3lK"
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 24, 2021
Tweet - "I join in congratulating Tom Manger on being sworn-in to lead the @CapitolPolice . I look forward to working with Chief Manger to ensure that those who serve in the USCP have the tools they need to perform their duties safely & effectively."
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 24, 2021
Tweet - "This is me in 2009, when the federal minimum wage increased to $7.25. This is me today. The federal minimum wage is *still* $7.25. While my affinity for yellow ties has stayed the same; we are long overdue to #RaiseTheWage. #12YearChallenge"
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 24, 2021
Tweet - "I join in congratulating Tom Manger on being sworn-in to lead the @CapitolPolice . I look forward to working with Chief Manger to ensure that those who serve in the USCP have the tools they need to perform their duties safely & effectively."
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 23, 2021
Letter to Hon. Nancy Pelosi, Speaker of the House and Hon. Charles Schumer, Majority Leader of the Senate - Jayapal Leads Lawmakers in Calling for $34 Billion to Improve Global Vaccine Distribution
Rep.Jamie Raskin, ...
July 23, 2021
Tweet - "I am proud to support the #RaiseTheWage Act. Tomorrow marks 12 years with no increase in the federal minimum wage. American workers should have the tools they need to #MakeItInAmerica & House Dems remain committed to ensuring workers can provide for themselves & their families."
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 23, 2021
Tweet - ". @SecYellen 's letter reminds all of us what can happen when politics trumps rationality. It is unconscionable that the U.S. finds itself facing another protracted negotiation & risks default because Republicans want to play politics with our economy."
Rep.Steny Hoyer
July 23, 2021
Van Hollen Applauds Selection of Tom Manger to Head U.S. Capitol Police
Sen.Chris Van Hollen
Page 52 of 403
chevron_left
51
52
53
54
55
chevron_right
clear
Log in
face
lock_outline
face
person
person_outline
email
lock
lock_outline
Enter the same password as above, for verification.
arrow_upward