×
Meet Civic Sage
Ask real questions about politics—and get clear, factual answers.
Civic Sage pulls directly from
Vote Smart's verified, nonpartisan research.
No opinions. No spin. Just trusted context.
Built with boundaries, on purpose
So you get facts you can trust.
You can ask about:
Your representatives & their biographies
Voting records, legislation, & ballots
Special interest groups & political influence
How government works
Start Chatting
Learn More
HAVE OUR BACKS
Sign Up
Already Registered?
face
lock_outline
×
Sign Up
Already Registered?
face
lock_outline
THE FACTS
BIO
BIO
VOTES
VOTES
POSITIONS
POSITIONS
RATINGS
RATINGS
Donate
No Thank You
OFFICIALS
LEGISLATION
INTEREST GROUPS
PUBLIC STATEMENTS
COMMITTEES
VETOES
Public Statements
Reset All Filters
Office
Congressional
Presidential
Congressional
Gubernatorial
State Legislative
Federal Judicial
Statewide
State Judicial
State
Iowa
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
National
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Issue
National Security
All Issues
Abortion
Agriculture and Food
Animals and Wildlife
Arts, Entertainment, and History
Budget, Spending and Taxes
Business and Consumers
Business, Consumers, and Employees
Campaign Finance
Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
Conservative
Constitution
Criminal Justice
Death Penalty
Defense
Drugs
Economy and Fiscal
Education
Elections
Employment and Affirmative Action
Energy
Entitlements and the Safety Net
Environment
Executive Branch
Family
Federal, State and Local Relations
Finance and Banking
Fiscally Conservative
Fiscally Liberal
Food Processing and Sales
Foreign Affairs
Foreign Aid
Gambling and Gaming
Government Budget and Spending
Government Operations
Guns
Health Insurance
Health and Health Care
High Priority
Higher Education
Housing and Property
Ideology
Immigration
Impartial/Nonpartisan
Indigenous Peoples
Industries
Infrastructure
Issues
Judicial Branch
K-12 Education
Labor Unions
Legal
Legislative Branch
Liberal
Low Priority
Marijuana
Marriage
Military Personnel
Minors and Children
Monetary Policy
National Security
Natural Resources
Oil and Gas
Populations
Priorities
Religion
Reproduction
Science
Science, Technology and Communication
Senior Citizens
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Social
Socially Conservative
Socially Liberal
Stem Cell Research
Taxes
Technology and Communication
Trade
Transportation
Unemployed and Low-Income
Veterans
Women
Limit results to:
Officials
Candidates
Date Range
Start Date
End Date
Apply
Keyword Search
enter search term
Search string must be longer than 3 characters.
Page 6 of 21
chevron_left
6
7
8
9
10
chevron_right
results per page:
50
75
50
25
Date
Title
Politician
May 5, 2020
Unanimous Consent Request
Sen. Chuck Grassley
May 4, 2020
Coronavirus
Sen. Chuck Grassley
May 4, 2020
Grassley Supports Title 32 National Guard Extension in Iowa
Sen. Chuck Grassley
April 29, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Mitch McConnell, Senate Majority Leader, and the Hon. Charles Schumer, Senate Minority Leader - As COVID-19 Highlights Need to Understand Links Between Human, Animal and Environmental Health, U.S. Senator Tina Smith Urges Senate to Take Up Her Bipartisan Bill Pushing "One Health" Approach
Sen. Chuck Grassley, ...
April 27, 2020
Tweet - "Thx SCOTUS for correctly applying my recent updates to my Anti-Terrorism Act +forcing DC & 2nd Circuits to reconsider their flawed decisions against terror victims Time for lower courts to GET IT RIGHT &protect justice for American victims of PLO terrorism!"
Sen. Chuck Grassley
April 23, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Russell Vought, Acting Dir. of the Office of Management and Budget - Shaheen & Hassan Call for Relief for Local News Media During COVID-19 Pandemic
Sen. Chuck Grassley, ...
April 23, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Donald J. Trump, President of the United States - Tillis Calls on Trump Administration to Fix Relief Payment Limits for Farmers, Ranchers
Sen. Joni Ernst, ...
April 21, 2020
Letter to HHS Chief Information Officer Jose Arrieta, Admiral Brett Giroir, Assistant Secretary of Department of Health and Human Services, and the Hon. Robert Redfield, Dir. of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Loeffler Asks HHS for Tools to Help States Safely Reopen The Economy
Sen. Joni Ernst, ...
April 20, 2020
Letter to Wanda Vázquez Garced, Governor of Puerto Rico - Grassley: People Need Disaster Aid in Puerto Rico; it Can't Keep Going to Waste
Sen. Chuck Grassley
April 16, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Steven Mnuchin, Secretary of the Dept. of the Treasury, and the Hon. Jovita Carranza, Admin, of the Small Business Administration - U.S. Senators Tina Smith, John Hoeven Lead Bipartisan Push to Treasury Department, Small Business Administration to Ensure Eligibility of Rural Electric Cooperatives in Paycheck Protection Program
Sen. Chuck Grassley, ...
April 16, 2020
Letter to Alex Azar, Secretary of the Dept. of Health and Human Services - Grassley Joins Bipartisan Letter to HHS to Advocate for Relief for Senior Adult Communities and Health Care Workers
Sen. Chuck Grassley, ...
April 16, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Sonny Perdue, Secretary of the Dept. of Agriculture - Members of Congress Urge USDA to Provide Assistance to Pork Producers
Sen. Chuck Grassley, ...
April 15, 2020
IG Footnotes: Serious Problems with Dossier Sources Didn't Stop FBI's Page Surveillance
Sen. Chuck Grassley, ...
April 14, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Donald J. Trump, President of the United States - Lankford, Wicker & Senators Urge Trump to Keep Pro-Life Protections for Coronavirus Research
Sen. Chuck Grassley, ...
April 14, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Stephen Hahn, Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration - Inhofe Joins Bicameral Group Pressing FDA to Enforce Medication Abortion Restrictions During COVID-19
Sen. Chuck Grassley, ...
April 13, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Mitchell McConnell, Senate Majority Leader, the Hon. Chuck Schumer, Senate Minority Leader, the Hon. Richard Shelby, Chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee, and the Hon. Patrick Leahy, Vice Chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee - Amid Coronavirus Pandemic, Klobuchar, Murkowski, Casey, Colleagues Urge Support for Victims and Survivors of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault
Sen. Joni Ernst, ...
April 13, 2020
Ernst Issues PSA on COVID-19
Sen. Joni Ernst
April 10, 2020
Tweet - "ironic how FBI investigation into Russian disinformation/collusion w political campaign was built on flawed Steele dossier that was full of anti-Trump Russian disnformation+paid for by Clinton/DNC FBI tasked with guarding national security WE NEED YOU TO DO BETTER!!"
Sen. Chuck Grassley
April 10, 2020
Tweet - "These notes beg question of when FBI learned of Russian disinfo in dossier+what did they do about it?? Why did they keep renewing spying authority with this info? What did Mueller know and when? Did we even need Mueller? More unmasking to come"
Sen. Chuck Grassley
April 10, 2020
FBI Ignored Early Warnings that Debunked Anti-Trump Dossier was Russian Disinformation
Sen. Chuck Grassley, ...
April 10, 2020
Tweet - "Declassified footnotes frm DOJ IG report on FBI/Page FISA abuse show investigators were warned early+often evidence was tainted w Russian disinformation WHY DIDNT THEY HEED WARNINGS??? Unnecessary violations of Pages civil liberties could hv been avoided!!"
Sen. Chuck Grassley
April 9, 2020
Letter to President Donald Trump - McSally, Group of Senators Encourage President Trump to Defend Against Chinese Attacks on National Security
Sen. Joni Ernst, ...
April 7, 2020
Letter to Steven Mnuchin, Secretary of the Treasury, and Jerome Powell, Chairman Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System - Lankford Urges Treasury, Federal Reserve to Keep CARES Act Financial Assistance Industry Neutral, Free of Bias
Sen. Joni Ernst, ...
April 6, 2020
Ernst: Domestic Violence Survivors Should Receive Direct Payments No Matter What
Sen. Joni Ernst
April 6, 2020
Letter to the Hon. David Johanson, Chairman of the International Trade Commission - Grassley, Neal Call on U.S. International Trade Commission to Identify Imported Goods Related to COVID-19
Sen. Chuck Grassley, ...
April 6, 2020
Tweet - "gr8 to hear Dr Fauci emphasize the good job Gov Reynolds is doing @realDonaldTrump daily news conf He said what Iowa is doing is totally compatible w what everyone else is doing/functionally equivalent to other states"
Sen. Chuck Grassley
April 5, 2020
The Gazette - Ernst: These are tough times, but Iowans will get through it - together.
Sen. Joni Ernst
April 4, 2020
Grassley Statement on Termination of Intelligence Community Inspector General
Sen. Chuck Grassley
April 3, 2020
Tweet - "Gov Reynolds' message to Iowans is clear STAY AT HOME AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE/wash ur hands/social distance/essential errands only/work from home if you can/isolate if youre sick/enjoy outdoor activities responsibly & impt THANK U to all essential workers for ur tireless efforts!"
Sen. Chuck Grassley
April 2, 2020
Tweet - "Dept of homeland security made the right decision by not expanding h2b worker visas American workers sidelined by coronavirus shldnt hv 2compete w cheap foreign labor/temp foreign workers for job Now is no time to increase visas"
Sen. Chuck Grassley
April 2, 2020
Letter to Richard Grenell, Acting Director of National Intelligence - Grassley, Johnson to ODNI: Unmask Classified Footnotes in IG Report on Russia Probe
Sen. Chuck Grassley, ...
April 1, 2020
Letter to Sonny Perdue, Secretary of the Dept. of Agriculture - Blunt, Hawley Join Colleagues in Urging USDA to Provide Immediate Assistance to Cattle Producers
Sen. Chuck Grassley, ...
March 26, 2020
Ernst Holds Another Telephone Town Hall, Continues Hearing Directly from Iowans
Sen. Joni Ernst
March 25, 2020
Finally, Senate Advances Needed Aid for Workers, Families, Businesses & Health Services
Sen. Chuck Grassley
March 24, 2020
Tweet - ". @POTUS ' disaster declaration for Iowa will allow the state to access important federal resources to combat the spread of #COVID19. Thank you President Trump!"
Sen. Joni Ernst
March 24, 2020
Tweet - "Pres @realDonaldTrump 's declaring a major disaster exists in Iowa bc of the coronavirus will give the state govt led by Gov Reynolds more resources+federal $$$ to combat the spread of the disease/respond to the impact it's having on the state/Iowans"
Sen. Chuck Grassley
March 24, 2020
Letter to Richard Grenell, Acting Director of National Intelligence - Grassley Urges More Information Sharing Between Health, Intelligence Agencies
Sen. Chuck Grassley
March 23, 2020
Grassley Discusses Democrats' Filibuster of Coronavirus Aid Package with Hugh Hewitt
Sen. Chuck Grassley
March 22, 2020
Ernst Provides Update on Additional COVID-19 Relief Efforts, Urges Iowans to "Stay Strong'
Sen. Joni Ernst
March 22, 2020
Grassley Statement on Democrats' Filibuster of Coronavirus Aid Package
Sen. Chuck Grassley
March 21, 2020
Ernst: It's Imperative We Get This Bill Done and Support Our Families
Sen. Joni Ernst
March 20, 2020
Letter to President Donald Trump - Grassley Supports Reynolds Request for Federal Disaster Assistance for Iowa
Sen. Chuck Grassley
March 20, 2020
Tweet - "I'm continuing to communicate with #Iowans on the impact #COVID19 has had on our families, seniors, and small businesses. Today, I sent a letter to @POTUS encouraging him to grant @IAGovernor 's major disaster declaration request."
Sen. Joni Ernst
March 19, 2020
Tweet - "As chairman of the Finance Cmte 2day I introduced legis to send checks of $1200 to most taxpayers+an extra $500 for every child. We can combat coronavirus & protect our economy/working families at the same time. Dems should join us & pass ASAP!"
Sen. Chuck Grassley
March 18, 2020
Ernst-Supported Bipartisan Package Delivers Relief for Iowa Families, Workers, and Seniors; Bill Heads to President's Desk
Sen. Joni Ernst
March 17, 2020
Tweet - "Combatting #COVID19 is going to take all hands on deck--from the federal, the state, and the local levels. Let's look out for one another and together we'll get through this."
Sen. Joni Ernst
March 17, 2020
Grassley: Congress Must Act Decisively to Combat Coronavirus
Sen. Chuck Grassley
March 17, 2020
Des Moines Register - Grassley op-ed: Lessons are unfolding from the coronavirus pandemic, a test of our civic duty
Sen. Chuck Grassley
March 17, 2020
Ernst: "All Hands on Deck' to Address COVID-19
Sen. Joni Ernst
March 16, 2020
Finance Committee Chairman Statement on Coronavirus Latest
Sen. Chuck Grassley
Date
Title
Politician
May 5, 2020
Unanimous Consent Request
Sen.Chuck Grassley
May 4, 2020
Coronavirus
Sen.Chuck Grassley
May 4, 2020
Grassley Supports Title 32 National Guard Extension in Iowa
Sen.Chuck Grassley
April 29, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Mitch McConnell, Senate Majority Leader, and the Hon. Charles Schumer, Senate Minority Leader - As COVID-19 Highlights Need to Understand Links Between Human, Animal and Environmental Health, U.S. Senator Tina Smith Urges Senate to Take Up Her Bipartisan Bill Pushing "One Health" Approach
Sen.Chuck Grassley, ...
April 27, 2020
Tweet - "Thx SCOTUS for correctly applying my recent updates to my Anti-Terrorism Act +forcing DC & 2nd Circuits to reconsider their flawed decisions against terror victims Time for lower courts to GET IT RIGHT &protect justice for American victims of PLO terrorism!"
Sen.Chuck Grassley
April 23, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Russell Vought, Acting Dir. of the Office of Management and Budget - Shaheen & Hassan Call for Relief for Local News Media During COVID-19 Pandemic
Sen.Chuck Grassley, ...
April 23, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Donald J. Trump, President of the United States - Tillis Calls on Trump Administration to Fix Relief Payment Limits for Farmers, Ranchers
Sen.Joni Ernst, ...
April 21, 2020
Letter to HHS Chief Information Officer Jose Arrieta, Admiral Brett Giroir, Assistant Secretary of Department of Health and Human Services, and the Hon. Robert Redfield, Dir. of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Loeffler Asks HHS for Tools to Help States Safely Reopen The Economy
Sen.Joni Ernst, ...
April 20, 2020
Letter to Wanda Vázquez Garced, Governor of Puerto Rico - Grassley: People Need Disaster Aid in Puerto Rico; it Can't Keep Going to Waste
Sen.Chuck Grassley
April 16, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Steven Mnuchin, Secretary of the Dept. of the Treasury, and the Hon. Jovita Carranza, Admin, of the Small Business Administration - U.S. Senators Tina Smith, John Hoeven Lead Bipartisan Push to Treasury Department, Small Business Administration to Ensure Eligibility of Rural Electric Cooperatives in Paycheck Protection Program
Sen.Chuck Grassley, ...
April 16, 2020
Letter to Alex Azar, Secretary of the Dept. of Health and Human Services - Grassley Joins Bipartisan Letter to HHS to Advocate for Relief for Senior Adult Communities and Health Care Workers
Sen.Chuck Grassley, ...
April 16, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Sonny Perdue, Secretary of the Dept. of Agriculture - Members of Congress Urge USDA to Provide Assistance to Pork Producers
Sen.Chuck Grassley, ...
April 15, 2020
IG Footnotes: Serious Problems with Dossier Sources Didn't Stop FBI's Page Surveillance
Sen.Chuck Grassley, ...
April 14, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Donald J. Trump, President of the United States - Lankford, Wicker & Senators Urge Trump to Keep Pro-Life Protections for Coronavirus Research
Sen.Chuck Grassley, ...
April 14, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Stephen Hahn, Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration - Inhofe Joins Bicameral Group Pressing FDA to Enforce Medication Abortion Restrictions During COVID-19
Sen.Chuck Grassley, ...
April 13, 2020
Letter to the Hon. Mitchell McConnell, Senate Majority Leader, the Hon. Chuck Schumer, Senate Minority Leader, the Hon. Richard Shelby, Chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee, and the Hon. Patrick Leahy, Vice Chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee - Amid Coronavirus Pandemic, Klobuchar, Murkowski, Casey, Colleagues Urge Support for Victims and Survivors of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault
Sen.Joni Ernst, ...
April 13, 2020
Ernst Issues PSA on COVID-19
Sen.Joni Ernst
April 10, 2020
Tweet - "ironic how FBI investigation into Russian disinformation/collusion w political campaign was built on flawed Steele dossier that was full of anti-Trump Russian disnformation+paid for by Clinton/DNC FBI tasked with guarding national security WE NEED YOU TO DO BETTER!!"
Sen.Chuck Grassley
April 10, 2020
Tweet - "These notes beg question of when FBI learned of Russian disinfo in dossier+what did they do about it?? Why did they keep renewing spying authority with this info? What did Mueller know and when? Did we even need Mueller? More unmasking to come"
Sen.Chuck Grassley
April 10, 2020
FBI Ignored Early Warnings that Debunked Anti-Trump Dossier was Russian Disinformation
Sen.Chuck Grassley, ...
April 10, 2020
Tweet - "Declassified footnotes frm DOJ IG report on FBI/Page FISA abuse show investigators were warned early+often evidence was tainted w Russian disinformation WHY DIDNT THEY HEED WARNINGS??? Unnecessary violations of Pages civil liberties could hv been avoided!!"
Sen.Chuck Grassley
April 9, 2020
Letter to President Donald Trump - McSally, Group of Senators Encourage President Trump to Defend Against Chinese Attacks on National Security
Sen.Joni Ernst, ...
April 7, 2020
Letter to Steven Mnuchin, Secretary of the Treasury, and Jerome Powell, Chairman Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System - Lankford Urges Treasury, Federal Reserve to Keep CARES Act Financial Assistance Industry Neutral, Free of Bias
Sen.Joni Ernst, ...
April 6, 2020
Ernst: Domestic Violence Survivors Should Receive Direct Payments No Matter What
Sen.Joni Ernst
April 6, 2020
Letter to the Hon. David Johanson, Chairman of the International Trade Commission - Grassley, Neal Call on U.S. International Trade Commission to Identify Imported Goods Related to COVID-19
Sen.Chuck Grassley, ...
April 6, 2020
Tweet - "gr8 to hear Dr Fauci emphasize the good job Gov Reynolds is doing @realDonaldTrump daily news conf He said what Iowa is doing is totally compatible w what everyone else is doing/functionally equivalent to other states"
Sen.Chuck Grassley
April 5, 2020
The Gazette - Ernst: These are tough times, but Iowans will get through it - together.
Sen.Joni Ernst
April 4, 2020
Grassley Statement on Termination of Intelligence Community Inspector General
Sen.Chuck Grassley
April 3, 2020
Tweet - "Gov Reynolds' message to Iowans is clear STAY AT HOME AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE/wash ur hands/social distance/essential errands only/work from home if you can/isolate if youre sick/enjoy outdoor activities responsibly & impt THANK U to all essential workers for ur tireless efforts!"
Sen.Chuck Grassley
April 2, 2020
Tweet - "Dept of homeland security made the right decision by not expanding h2b worker visas American workers sidelined by coronavirus shldnt hv 2compete w cheap foreign labor/temp foreign workers for job Now is no time to increase visas"
Sen.Chuck Grassley
April 2, 2020
Letter to Richard Grenell, Acting Director of National Intelligence - Grassley, Johnson to ODNI: Unmask Classified Footnotes in IG Report on Russia Probe
Sen.Chuck Grassley, ...
April 1, 2020
Letter to Sonny Perdue, Secretary of the Dept. of Agriculture - Blunt, Hawley Join Colleagues in Urging USDA to Provide Immediate Assistance to Cattle Producers
Sen.Chuck Grassley, ...
March 26, 2020
Ernst Holds Another Telephone Town Hall, Continues Hearing Directly from Iowans
Sen.Joni Ernst
March 25, 2020
Finally, Senate Advances Needed Aid for Workers, Families, Businesses & Health Services
Sen.Chuck Grassley
March 24, 2020
Tweet - ". @POTUS ' disaster declaration for Iowa will allow the state to access important federal resources to combat the spread of #COVID19. Thank you President Trump!"
Sen.Joni Ernst
March 24, 2020
Tweet - "Pres @realDonaldTrump 's declaring a major disaster exists in Iowa bc of the coronavirus will give the state govt led by Gov Reynolds more resources+federal $$$ to combat the spread of the disease/respond to the impact it's having on the state/Iowans"
Sen.Chuck Grassley
March 24, 2020
Letter to Richard Grenell, Acting Director of National Intelligence - Grassley Urges More Information Sharing Between Health, Intelligence Agencies
Sen.Chuck Grassley
March 23, 2020
Grassley Discusses Democrats' Filibuster of Coronavirus Aid Package with Hugh Hewitt
Sen.Chuck Grassley
March 22, 2020
Ernst Provides Update on Additional COVID-19 Relief Efforts, Urges Iowans to "Stay Strong'
Sen.Joni Ernst
March 22, 2020
Grassley Statement on Democrats' Filibuster of Coronavirus Aid Package
Sen.Chuck Grassley
March 21, 2020
Ernst: It's Imperative We Get This Bill Done and Support Our Families
Sen.Joni Ernst
March 20, 2020
Letter to President Donald Trump - Grassley Supports Reynolds Request for Federal Disaster Assistance for Iowa
Sen.Chuck Grassley
March 20, 2020
Tweet - "I'm continuing to communicate with #Iowans on the impact #COVID19 has had on our families, seniors, and small businesses. Today, I sent a letter to @POTUS encouraging him to grant @IAGovernor 's major disaster declaration request."
Sen.Joni Ernst
March 19, 2020
Tweet - "As chairman of the Finance Cmte 2day I introduced legis to send checks of $1200 to most taxpayers+an extra $500 for every child. We can combat coronavirus & protect our economy/working families at the same time. Dems should join us & pass ASAP!"
Sen.Chuck Grassley
March 18, 2020
Ernst-Supported Bipartisan Package Delivers Relief for Iowa Families, Workers, and Seniors; Bill Heads to President's Desk
Sen.Joni Ernst
March 17, 2020
Tweet - "Combatting #COVID19 is going to take all hands on deck--from the federal, the state, and the local levels. Let's look out for one another and together we'll get through this."
Sen.Joni Ernst
March 17, 2020
Grassley: Congress Must Act Decisively to Combat Coronavirus
Sen.Chuck Grassley
March 17, 2020
Des Moines Register - Grassley op-ed: Lessons are unfolding from the coronavirus pandemic, a test of our civic duty
Sen.Chuck Grassley
March 17, 2020
Ernst: "All Hands on Deck' to Address COVID-19
Sen.Joni Ernst
March 16, 2020
Finance Committee Chairman Statement on Coronavirus Latest
Sen.Chuck Grassley
Page 6 of 21
chevron_left
6
7
8
9
10
chevron_right
clear
Log in
face
lock_outline
face
person
person_outline
email
lock
lock_outline
Enter the same password as above, for verification.
arrow_upward