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Vote Smart provides easy access to congressional and state voting records and maintains a collection of key votes grouped by issue. Vote Smart uses the following criteria to select key votes:

  1. The vote should be helpful in portraying how a member stands on a particular issue
  2. The vote should be clear for any person to understand
  3. The vote has received media attention
  4. The vote was passed or defeated by a very close margin
  5. Occasionally, if a specific bill is consistently inquired about on the Voter's Research Hotline, the vote will be added

Vote Smart provides a summary of the version of the bill text associated with each selected key vote. Our summaries are written by Vote Smart's staff and interns, who adhere to our strict policies and procedures in order to guarantee absolute impartiality and accuracy. They do not necessarily reflect the content of the final version of the bill, but rather the version voted on in that stage. While many procedural votes take place before a full chamber vote, our voting stages reflect the final reading of each chamber vote. Each key vote selection is reviewed by the project's community of advisors, who are political scientists and journalists from all fifty states.

For more information about the legislative process, see here.

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Date State Bill No. Title Outcome
July 15, 2025 National PN 22-26 Nomination of Anthony Tata to be Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 46)
July 15, 2025 National PN 22-26 Nomination of Anthony Tata to be Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness Cloture Invoked - Senate (52 - 47)
July 14, 2025 National PN 25-39 Nomination of Luke Pettit to be an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Cloture Invoked - Senate (60 - 28)
July 10, 2025 National PN 25-15 Nomination of Jonathan Gould to be Comptroller of the Currency Nomination Confirmed - Senate (50 - 45)
July 10, 2025 National PN 25-15 Nomination of Jonathan Gould to be Comptroller of the Currency Cloture Invoked - Senate (50 - 45)
July 9, 2025 National PN 55-6 Nomination of Bryan Bedford to be Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration Nomination Confirmed - Senate (53 - 43)
July 9, 2025 National PN 12-20 Nomination of Preston Griffith to be Under Secretary of Energy Nomination Confirmed - Senate (54 - 43)
July 8, 2025 National PN 12-20 Nomination of Preston Griffith to be Under Secretary of Energy Cloture Invoked - Senate (47 - 41)
July 8, 2025 National PN 55-6 Nomination of Bryan Bedford to be Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration Cloture Invoked - Senate (47 - 42)
July 1, 2025 National HR 1 One Big Beautiful Bill Act Bill Passed - Senate (51 - 50)
June 28, 2025 National HR 1 One Big Beautiful Bill Act Motion Agreed - Senate (51 - 49)
June 27, 2025 National S J Res 59 A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress. Motion Rejected - Senate (47 - 53)
June 26, 2025 National PN 13-7 Nomination of Kenneth Kies to be an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Nomination Confirmed - Senate (53 - 45)
June 25, 2025 National PN 26-12 Nomination of Paul Dabbar to be Deputy Secretary of Commerce Nomination Confirmed - Senate (56 - 40)
June 25, 2025 National PN 13-7 Nomination of Kenneth Kies to be an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Cloture Invoked - Senate (53 - 44)
June 24, 2025 National PN 26-50 Nomination of Daniel Zimmerman to be an Assistant Secretary of Defense Nomination Confirmed - Senate (61 - 35)
June 24, 2025 National PN 26-12 Nomination of Paul Dabbar to be Deputy Secretary of Commerce Cloture Invoked - Senate (56 - 42)
June 23, 2025 National PN 26-50 Nomination of Daniel Zimmerman to be an Assistant Secretary of Defense Cloture Invoked - Senate (58 - 33)
June 17, 2025 National S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Bill Passed - Senate (58 - 30)
June 17, 2025 National PN 25-1 Nomination of Gary Andres to be an Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services Nomination Confirmed - Senate (57 - 40)
June 16, 2025 National PN 25-1 Nomination of Gary Andres to be an Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services Cloture Invoked - Senate (44 - 33)
June 12, 2025 National S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Cloture Invoked - Senate (67 - 27)
June 12, 2025 National PN 12-27 Nomination of William Long to be Commissioner of Internal Revenue Nomination Confirmed - Senate (53 - 44)
June 11, 2025 National PN 12-27 Nomination of William Long to be Commissioner of Internal Revenue Cloture Invoked - Senate (53 - 46)
June 10, 2025 National PN 12-43 Nomination of Stephen Vaden to be Deputy Secretary of Agriculture Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 44)
June 10, 2025 National PN 26-20 Nomination of Andrew Hughes to be Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 43)
June 10, 2025 National PN 26-20 Nomination of Andrew Hughes to be Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Cloture Invoked - Senate (51 - 44)
June 10, 2025 National PN 12-43 Nomination of Stephen Vaden to be Deputy Secretary of Agriculture Cloture Invoked - Senate (48 - 45)
June 5, 2025 National PN 12-33 Nomination of James O'Neill to be Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Nomination Confirmed - Senate (52 - 43)
June 4, 2025 National PN 55-9 Nomination of Michelle Bowman to be Vice Chairman for Supervision of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Nomination Confirmed - Senate (48 - 46)
June 4, 2025 National PN 55-9 Nomination of Michelle Bowman to be Vice Chairman for Supervision of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Cloture Invoked - Senate (51 - 46)
June 4, 2025 National PN 12-33 Nomination of James O'Neill to be Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Cloture Invoked - Senate (51 - 46)
June 3, 2025 National PN 22-16 Nomination of Dale Marks to be an Assistant Secretary of Defense Nomination Confirmed - Senate (72 - 26)
June 3, 2025 National PN 17 Nomination of Michael Duffey to be Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 46)
June 3, 2025 National PN 22-16 Nomination of Dale Marks to be an Assistant Secretary of Defense Cloture Invoked - Senate (66 - 28)
June 2, 2025 National PN 17 Nomination of Michael Duffey to be Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment Cloture Invoked - Senate (51 - 45)
May 22, 2025 National H J Res 88 Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Advanced Clean Cars II; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (51 - 44)
May 22, 2025 National H J Res 89 Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine and Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; The 'Omnibus' Low NOX Regulation; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (49 - 46)
May 22, 2025 National H J Res 89 Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine and Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; The 'Omnibus' Low NOX Regulation; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". Motion Agreed - Senate (51 - 46)
May 21, 2025 National H J Res 88 Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Advanced Clean Cars II; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". Cloture Invoked - Senate (51 - 46)
May 21, 2025 National S J Res 55 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration relating to "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Fuel System Integrity of Hydrogen Vehicles; Compressed Hydrogen Storage System Integrity; Incorporation by Reference". Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (51 - 46)
May 21, 2025 National S J Res 55 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration relating to "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Fuel System Integrity of Hydrogen Vehicles; Compressed Hydrogen Storage System Integrity; Incorporation by Reference". Motion Agreed - Senate (53 - 46)
May 19, 2025 National S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Cloture Invoked - Senate (66 - 32)
May 14, 2025 National PN 12-31 Nomination of Emil Michael to be Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering Nomination Confirmed - Senate (54 - 43)
May 14, 2025 National PN 12-31 Nomination of Emil Michael to be Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering Cloture Invoked - Senate (53 - 43)
May 13, 2025 National PN 12-30 Nomination of Troy Meink to be Secretary of the Air Force Nomination Confirmed - Senate (74 - 25)
May 13, 2025 National PN 13-4 Nomination of James Danly to be Deputy Secretary of Energy Nomination Confirmed - Senate (52 - 44)
May 13, 2025 National PN 13-4 Nomination of James Danly to be Deputy Secretary of Energy Cloture Invoked - Senate (53 - 45)
May 13, 2025 National PN 12-30 Nomination of Troy Meink to be Secretary of the Air Force Cloture Invoked - Senate (72 - 26)
May 8, 2025 National H J Res 60 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the National Park Service relating to "Glen Canyon National Recreation Area: Motor Vehicles". Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (50 - 43)
Date No. Title Outcome
7/15 PN 22-26 Nomination of Anthony Tata to be Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 46)
7/15 PN 22-26 Nomination of Anthony Tata to be Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness Cloture Invoked - Senate (52 - 47)
7/14 PN 25-39 Nomination of Luke Pettit to be an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Cloture Invoked - Senate (60 - 28)
7/10 PN 25-15 Nomination of Jonathan Gould to be Comptroller of the Currency Nomination Confirmed - Senate (50 - 45)
7/10 PN 25-15 Nomination of Jonathan Gould to be Comptroller of the Currency Cloture Invoked - Senate (50 - 45)
7/09 PN 55-6 Nomination of Bryan Bedford to be Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration Nomination Confirmed - Senate (53 - 43)
7/09 PN 12-20 Nomination of Preston Griffith to be Under Secretary of Energy Nomination Confirmed - Senate (54 - 43)
7/08 PN 12-20 Nomination of Preston Griffith to be Under Secretary of Energy Cloture Invoked - Senate (47 - 41)
7/08 PN 55-6 Nomination of Bryan Bedford to be Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration Cloture Invoked - Senate (47 - 42)
7/01 HR 1 One Big Beautiful Bill Act Bill Passed - Senate (51 - 50)
6/28 HR 1 One Big Beautiful Bill Act Motion Agreed - Senate (51 - 49)
6/27 S J Res 59 A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress. Motion Rejected - Senate (47 - 53)
6/26 PN 13-7 Nomination of Kenneth Kies to be an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Nomination Confirmed - Senate (53 - 45)
6/25 PN 26-12 Nomination of Paul Dabbar to be Deputy Secretary of Commerce Nomination Confirmed - Senate (56 - 40)
6/25 PN 13-7 Nomination of Kenneth Kies to be an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Cloture Invoked - Senate (53 - 44)
6/24 PN 26-50 Nomination of Daniel Zimmerman to be an Assistant Secretary of Defense Nomination Confirmed - Senate (61 - 35)
6/24 PN 26-12 Nomination of Paul Dabbar to be Deputy Secretary of Commerce Cloture Invoked - Senate (56 - 42)
6/23 PN 26-50 Nomination of Daniel Zimmerman to be an Assistant Secretary of Defense Cloture Invoked - Senate (58 - 33)
6/17 S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Bill Passed - Senate (58 - 30)
6/17 PN 25-1 Nomination of Gary Andres to be an Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services Nomination Confirmed - Senate (57 - 40)
6/16 PN 25-1 Nomination of Gary Andres to be an Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services Cloture Invoked - Senate (44 - 33)
6/12 S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Cloture Invoked - Senate (67 - 27)
6/12 PN 12-27 Nomination of William Long to be Commissioner of Internal Revenue Nomination Confirmed - Senate (53 - 44)
6/11 PN 12-27 Nomination of William Long to be Commissioner of Internal Revenue Cloture Invoked - Senate (53 - 46)
6/10 PN 12-43 Nomination of Stephen Vaden to be Deputy Secretary of Agriculture Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 44)
6/10 PN 26-20 Nomination of Andrew Hughes to be Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 43)
6/10 PN 26-20 Nomination of Andrew Hughes to be Deputy Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Cloture Invoked - Senate (51 - 44)
6/10 PN 12-43 Nomination of Stephen Vaden to be Deputy Secretary of Agriculture Cloture Invoked - Senate (48 - 45)
6/05 PN 12-33 Nomination of James O'Neill to be Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Nomination Confirmed - Senate (52 - 43)
6/04 PN 55-9 Nomination of Michelle Bowman to be Vice Chairman for Supervision of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Nomination Confirmed - Senate (48 - 46)
6/04 PN 55-9 Nomination of Michelle Bowman to be Vice Chairman for Supervision of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Cloture Invoked - Senate (51 - 46)
6/04 PN 12-33 Nomination of James O'Neill to be Deputy Secretary of Health and Human Services Cloture Invoked - Senate (51 - 46)
6/03 PN 22-16 Nomination of Dale Marks to be an Assistant Secretary of Defense Nomination Confirmed - Senate (72 - 26)
6/03 PN 17 Nomination of Michael Duffey to be Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 46)
6/03 PN 22-16 Nomination of Dale Marks to be an Assistant Secretary of Defense Cloture Invoked - Senate (66 - 28)
6/02 PN 17 Nomination of Michael Duffey to be Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment Cloture Invoked - Senate (51 - 45)
5/22 H J Res 88 Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Advanced Clean Cars II; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (51 - 44)
5/22 H J Res 89 Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine and Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; The 'Omnibus' Low NOX Regulation; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (49 - 46)
5/22 H J Res 89 Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine and Nonroad Engine Pollution Control Standards; The 'Omnibus' Low NOX Regulation; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". Motion Agreed - Senate (51 - 46)
5/21 H J Res 88 Providing congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to "California State Motor Vehicle and Engine Pollution Control Standards; Advanced Clean Cars II; Waiver of Preemption; Notice of Decision". Cloture Invoked - Senate (51 - 46)
5/21 S J Res 55 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration relating to "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Fuel System Integrity of Hydrogen Vehicles; Compressed Hydrogen Storage System Integrity; Incorporation by Reference". Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (51 - 46)
5/21 S J Res 55 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration relating to "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Fuel System Integrity of Hydrogen Vehicles; Compressed Hydrogen Storage System Integrity; Incorporation by Reference". Motion Agreed - Senate (53 - 46)
5/19 S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Cloture Invoked - Senate (66 - 32)
5/14 PN 12-31 Nomination of Emil Michael to be Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering Nomination Confirmed - Senate (54 - 43)
5/14 PN 12-31 Nomination of Emil Michael to be Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering Cloture Invoked - Senate (53 - 43)
5/13 PN 12-30 Nomination of Troy Meink to be Secretary of the Air Force Nomination Confirmed - Senate (74 - 25)
5/13 PN 13-4 Nomination of James Danly to be Deputy Secretary of Energy Nomination Confirmed - Senate (52 - 44)
5/13 PN 13-4 Nomination of James Danly to be Deputy Secretary of Energy Cloture Invoked - Senate (53 - 45)
5/13 PN 12-30 Nomination of Troy Meink to be Secretary of the Air Force Cloture Invoked - Senate (72 - 26)
5/08 H J Res 60 Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the National Park Service relating to "Glen Canyon National Recreation Area: Motor Vehicles". Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (50 - 43)
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