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Vote Smart provides easy access to congressional and state voting records and maintains a collection of key votes grouped by issue. Vote Smart uses the following criteria to select key votes:

  1. The vote should be helpful in portraying how a member stands on a particular issue
  2. The vote should be clear for any person to understand
  3. The vote has received media attention
  4. The vote was passed or defeated by a very close margin
  5. Occasionally, if a specific bill is consistently inquired about on the Voter's Research Hotline, the vote will be added

Vote Smart provides a summary of the version of the bill text associated with each selected key vote. Our summaries are written by Vote Smart's staff and interns, who adhere to our strict policies and procedures in order to guarantee absolute impartiality and accuracy. They do not necessarily reflect the content of the final version of the bill, but rather the version voted on in that stage. While many procedural votes take place before a full chamber vote, our voting stages reflect the final reading of each chamber vote. Each key vote selection is reviewed by the project's community of advisors, who are political scientists and journalists from all fifty states.

For more information about the legislative process, see here.

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Date State Bill No. Title Outcome
May 12, 2026 National PN 855-2 Nomination of Kevin Warsh, of Florida, to be a Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for a term of fourteen years from February 1, 2026, vice Stephen Miran, term expired Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 45)
May 11, 2026 National PN 855-2 Nomination of Kevin Warsh, of Florida, to be a Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for a term of fourteen years from February 1, 2026, vice Stephen Miran, term expired Cloture Invoked - Senate (49 - 44)
Nov. 5, 2025 National PN 25-37 Nomination of Caleb Orr, of Texas, to be an Assistant Secretary of State (Economic and Business Affairs) (57 - 43)
Nov. 5, 2025 National PN 25-37 Nomination of Caleb Orr, of Texas, to be an Assistant Secretary of State (Economic and Business Affairs) Cloture Invoked - Senate (57 - 41)
July 29, 2025 National PN 22-13 Nomination of William Kimmitt to be Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 47)
July 29, 2025 National PN 22-13 Nomination of William Kimmitt to be Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade Cloture Invoked - Senate (51 - 47)
June 17, 2025 National S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Bill Passed - Senate (58 - 30)
June 12, 2025 National S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Cloture Invoked - Senate (67 - 27)
May 19, 2025 National S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Cloture Invoked - Senate (66 - 32)
May 8, 2025 National S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (48 - 49)
May 7, 2025 National S J Res 13 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency of the Department of the Treasury relating to the review of applications under the Bank Merger Act. Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (52 - 47)
May 6, 2025 National S J Res 13 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency of the Department of the Treasury relating to the review of applications under the Bank Merger Act. Motion Agreed - Senate (53 - 46)
April 30, 2025 National S J Res 49 A joint resolution terminating the national emergency declared to impose global tariffs. Motion Agreed - Senate (50 - 49)
April 3, 2025 National H Con Res 14 Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034. Motion Agreed - Senate (52 - 48)
March 25, 2025 National PN 12-3 Nomination of James Bishop to be Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget Cloture Invoked - Senate (52 - 47)
March 13, 2025 National PN 22-12 Nomination of Jeffrey Kessler to be Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security Nomination Confirmed - Senate (54 - 45)
March 13, 2025 National PN 22-12 Nomination of Jeffrey Kessler to be Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security Cloture Invoked - Senate (54 - 45)
March 12, 2025 National PN 19 Nomination of Stephen Miran to be Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers Nomination Confirmed - Senate (53 - 46)
March 12, 2025 National PN 19 Nomination of Stephen Miran to be Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers Cloture Invoked - Senate
Feb. 18, 2025 National PN 11-9 Nomination of Howard Lutnick to be Secretary of Commerce Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 45)
Feb. 13, 2025 National PN 11-9 Nomination of Howard Lutnick to be Secretary of Commerce Cloture Invoked - Senate (52 - 45)
Feb. 6, 2025 National PN 11-9 Nomination of Howard Lutnick to be Secretary of Commerce Motion Agreed - Senate (52 - 46)
June 1, 2023 National HR 3746 Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 Bill Passed - Senate (63 - 36)
Dec. 1, 2022 National H Con Res 119 Providing for a Correction in the enrollment of H.J. Res. 100. Joint Resolution Failed - Senate (52 - 43)
Dec. 1, 2022 National H J Res 100 To provide for a resolution with respect to the unresolved disputes between certain railroads represented by the National Carriers' Conference Committee of the National Railway Labor Conference and certain of their employees. Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (80 - 15)
May 19, 2022 National S 4008 Small Business COVID Relief Act of 2022 Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (52 - 43)
Dec. 8, 2021 National S J Res 29 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Labor relating to "COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing; Emergency Temporary Standard" Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (52 - 48)
March 2, 2021 National PN 78-15 Nomination of Gina Raimondo as Secretary of Commerce Nomination Confirmed - Senate (84 - 15)
March 25, 2020 National HR 748 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act Bill Passed - Senate (96 - 0)
March 23, 2020 National HR 748 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (49 - 46)
March 22, 2020 National HR 748 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (47 - 47)
Sept. 26, 2019 National PN 1099 Nomination of Eugene Scalia as the Secretary of Labor (53 - 44)
Sept. 25, 2019 National PN 1099 Nomination of Eugene Scalia as the Secretary of Labor Cloture Invoked - Senate (52 - 42)
Dec. 6, 2018 National PN 2170 Nomination of Kathleen Laura Kraninger to be the Director of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (50 - 49)
Nov. 29, 2018 National PN 2170 Nomination of Kathleen Laura Kraninger to be the Director of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection Cloture Invoked - Senate (50 - 49)
Feb. 9, 2018 National HR 1892 Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (71 - 28)
April 27, 2017 National PN 88 Nomination of Alexander Acosta to be Secretary of Labor Nomination Confirmed - Senate (60 - 38)
April 26, 2017 National PN 88 Nomination of Alexander Acosta to be Secretary of Labor Cloture Invoked - Senate (61 - 39)
Feb. 13, 2017 National PN 26 Nomination of Steven T. Mnuchin to be Secretary of the Treasury Nomination Confirmed - Senate (53 - 47)
Feb. 10, 2017 National PN 26 Nomination of Steven T. Mnuchin to be Secretary of the Treasury Cloture Invoked - Senate (53 - 46)
Dec. 18, 2013 National H J Res 59 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (64 - 36)
Oct. 29, 2013 National S J Res 26 A Joint Resolution Relating to the Disapproval of the President's Exercise of Authority to Suspend the Debt Limit, as Submitted Under Section 1002(b) of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014 on October 17, 2013 Motion Rejected - Senate (45 - 54)
Oct. 16, 2013 National HR 2775 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Bill Passed - Senate (81 - 18)
Oct. 12, 2013 National S 1569 Default Prevention Act of 2013 Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (53 - 45)
Sept. 30, 2013 National H J Res 59 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Motion Agreed - Senate (54 - 46)
Sept. 30, 2013 National H J Res 59 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Motion Agreed - Senate (54 - 46)
Sept. 27, 2013 National H J Res 59 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Bill Passed - Senate (54 - 44)
March 14, 2013 National S Amdt 66 Temporarily Prohibits the Hiring of Nonessential Federal Employees Amendment Rejected - Senate (45 - 54)
July 21, 2009 National S Amdt 1469 Repealing Funding for F-22 Aircraft Procurement Amendment Adopted - Senate (58 - 40)
July 26, 2008 National HR 3221 Housing Bill with Energy Tax Credit Extensions Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (72 - 13)
Date No. Title Outcome
5/12 PN 855-2 Nomination of Kevin Warsh, of Florida, to be a Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for a term of fourteen years from February 1, 2026, vice Stephen Miran, term expired Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 45)
5/11 PN 855-2 Nomination of Kevin Warsh, of Florida, to be a Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for a term of fourteen years from February 1, 2026, vice Stephen Miran, term expired Cloture Invoked - Senate (49 - 44)
11/05 PN 25-37 Nomination of Caleb Orr, of Texas, to be an Assistant Secretary of State (Economic and Business Affairs) (57 - 43)
11/05 PN 25-37 Nomination of Caleb Orr, of Texas, to be an Assistant Secretary of State (Economic and Business Affairs) Cloture Invoked - Senate (57 - 41)
7/29 PN 22-13 Nomination of William Kimmitt to be Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 47)
7/29 PN 22-13 Nomination of William Kimmitt to be Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade Cloture Invoked - Senate (51 - 47)
6/17 S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Bill Passed - Senate (58 - 30)
6/12 S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Cloture Invoked - Senate (67 - 27)
5/19 S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Cloture Invoked - Senate (66 - 32)
5/08 S 1582 Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins (GENIUS) Act Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (48 - 49)
5/07 S J Res 13 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency of the Department of the Treasury relating to the review of applications under the Bank Merger Act. Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (52 - 47)
5/06 S J Res 13 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency of the Department of the Treasury relating to the review of applications under the Bank Merger Act. Motion Agreed - Senate (53 - 46)
4/30 S J Res 49 A joint resolution terminating the national emergency declared to impose global tariffs. Motion Agreed - Senate (50 - 49)
4/03 H Con Res 14 Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034. Motion Agreed - Senate (52 - 48)
3/25 PN 12-3 Nomination of James Bishop to be Deputy Director of the Office of Management and Budget Cloture Invoked - Senate (52 - 47)
3/13 PN 22-12 Nomination of Jeffrey Kessler to be Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security Nomination Confirmed - Senate (54 - 45)
3/13 PN 22-12 Nomination of Jeffrey Kessler to be Under Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Security Cloture Invoked - Senate (54 - 45)
3/12 PN 19 Nomination of Stephen Miran to be Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers Nomination Confirmed - Senate (53 - 46)
3/12 PN 19 Nomination of Stephen Miran to be Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers Cloture Invoked - Senate
2/18 PN 11-9 Nomination of Howard Lutnick to be Secretary of Commerce Nomination Confirmed - Senate (51 - 45)
2/13 PN 11-9 Nomination of Howard Lutnick to be Secretary of Commerce Cloture Invoked - Senate (52 - 45)
2/06 PN 11-9 Nomination of Howard Lutnick to be Secretary of Commerce Motion Agreed - Senate (52 - 46)
6/01 HR 3746 Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023 Bill Passed - Senate (63 - 36)
12/01 H Con Res 119 Providing for a Correction in the enrollment of H.J. Res. 100. Joint Resolution Failed - Senate (52 - 43)
12/01 H J Res 100 To provide for a resolution with respect to the unresolved disputes between certain railroads represented by the National Carriers' Conference Committee of the National Railway Labor Conference and certain of their employees. Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (80 - 15)
5/19 S 4008 Small Business COVID Relief Act of 2022 Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (52 - 43)
12/08 S J Res 29 A joint resolution providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Labor relating to "COVID-19 Vaccination and Testing; Emergency Temporary Standard" Joint Resolution Passed - Senate (52 - 48)
3/02 PN 78-15 Nomination of Gina Raimondo as Secretary of Commerce Nomination Confirmed - Senate (84 - 15)
3/25 HR 748 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act Bill Passed - Senate (96 - 0)
3/23 HR 748 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (49 - 46)
3/22 HR 748 Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (47 - 47)
9/26 PN 1099 Nomination of Eugene Scalia as the Secretary of Labor (53 - 44)
9/25 PN 1099 Nomination of Eugene Scalia as the Secretary of Labor Cloture Invoked - Senate (52 - 42)
12/06 PN 2170 Nomination of Kathleen Laura Kraninger to be the Director of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection (50 - 49)
11/29 PN 2170 Nomination of Kathleen Laura Kraninger to be the Director of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection Cloture Invoked - Senate (50 - 49)
2/09 HR 1892 Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (71 - 28)
4/27 PN 88 Nomination of Alexander Acosta to be Secretary of Labor Nomination Confirmed - Senate (60 - 38)
4/26 PN 88 Nomination of Alexander Acosta to be Secretary of Labor Cloture Invoked - Senate (61 - 39)
2/13 PN 26 Nomination of Steven T. Mnuchin to be Secretary of the Treasury Nomination Confirmed - Senate (53 - 47)
2/10 PN 26 Nomination of Steven T. Mnuchin to be Secretary of the Treasury Cloture Invoked - Senate (53 - 46)
12/18 H J Res 59 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (64 - 36)
10/29 S J Res 26 A Joint Resolution Relating to the Disapproval of the President's Exercise of Authority to Suspend the Debt Limit, as Submitted Under Section 1002(b) of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014 on October 17, 2013 Motion Rejected - Senate (45 - 54)
10/16 HR 2775 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Bill Passed - Senate (81 - 18)
10/12 S 1569 Default Prevention Act of 2013 Cloture Not Invoked - Senate (53 - 45)
9/30 H J Res 59 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Motion Agreed - Senate (54 - 46)
9/30 H J Res 59 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Motion Agreed - Senate (54 - 46)
9/27 H J Res 59 Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 Bill Passed - Senate (54 - 44)
3/14 S Amdt 66 Temporarily Prohibits the Hiring of Nonessential Federal Employees Amendment Rejected - Senate (45 - 54)
7/21 S Amdt 1469 Repealing Funding for F-22 Aircraft Procurement Amendment Adopted - Senate (58 - 40)
7/26 HR 3221 Housing Bill with Energy Tax Credit Extensions Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (72 - 13)
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