OFFICIALS LEGISLATION INTEREST GROUPS PUBLIC STATEMENTS COMMITTEES VETOES

Key Votes

State

All States National Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana National Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

Issue

All Issues Abortion Agriculture and Food Animals and Wildlife Arts, Entertainment, and History Budget, Spending and Taxes Business and Consumers Business, Consumers, and Employees Campaign Finance Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Conservative Constitution Criminal Justice Death Penalty Defense Drugs Economy and Fiscal Education Elections Employment and Affirmative Action Energy Entitlements and the Safety Net Environment Executive Branch Family Federal, State and Local Relations Finance and Banking Fiscally Conservative Fiscally Liberal Food Processing and Sales Foreign Affairs Foreign Aid Gambling and Gaming Government Budget and Spending Government Operations Guns Health Insurance Health and Health Care High Priority Higher Education Housing and Property Ideology Immigration Impartial/Nonpartisan Indigenous Peoples Industries Infrastructure Issues Judicial Branch K-12 Education Labor Unions Legal Legislative Branch Liberal Low Priority Marijuana Marriage Military Personnel Minors and Children Monetary Policy National Security Natural Resources Oil and Gas Populations Priorities Religion Reproduction Science Science, Technology and Communication Senior Citizens Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Social Socially Conservative Socially Liberal Stem Cell Research Taxes Technology and Communication Trade Transportation Unemployed and Low-Income Veterans Women

Year

All Years 2026 2025 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1986 1901

Chamber

All House Senate

Keyword Search

Search string must be longer than 3 characters.

Vote Smart provides easy access to congressional and state voting records and maintains a collection of key votes grouped by issue. Vote Smart uses the following criteria to select key votes:

  1. The vote should be helpful in portraying how a member stands on a particular issue
  2. The vote should be clear for any person to understand
  3. The vote has received media attention
  4. The vote was passed or defeated by a very close margin
  5. Occasionally, if a specific bill is consistently inquired about on the Voter's Research Hotline, the vote will be added

Vote Smart provides a summary of the version of the bill text associated with each selected key vote. Our summaries are written by Vote Smart's staff and interns, who adhere to our strict policies and procedures in order to guarantee absolute impartiality and accuracy. They do not necessarily reflect the content of the final version of the bill, but rather the version voted on in that stage. While many procedural votes take place before a full chamber vote, our voting stages reflect the final reading of each chamber vote. Each key vote selection is reviewed by the project's community of advisors, who are political scientists and journalists from all fifty states.

For more information about the legislative process, see here.

Page 21 of 46
results per page:
100 75 50 25
Date State Bill No. Title Outcome
March 19, 2020 FL H 5001 Appropriates Funds for the 2020-2021 Fiscal Year Budget and Related COVID-19 Containment Efforts Conference Report Adopted - Senate (32 - 0)
March 19, 2020 TN HB 2818 Authorizes the State Board of Education to Establish Rules During COVID-19 Bill Passed - Senate (30 - 0)
March 19, 2020 TN HB 2821 Establishes the State Budget for Fiscal Years 2019-2020 and Appropriates Funding for COVID-19 Initiatives Bill Passed - House (86 - 3)
March 19, 2020 AZ SB 1694 Amends State Unemployment Laws Due to the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic Bill Passed - Senate (30 - 0)
March 19, 2020 AZ SB 1690 Establishes the Emergency Crisis Contingency and Safety Net Fund Bill Passed - Senate (27 - 3)
March 18, 2020 MD HB 1663 Establishes the "COVID-19 Public Health Emergency Protection Act of 2020" Concurrence Vote Passed - House (131 - 3)
March 18, 2020 National HR 6201 Families First Coronavirus Response Act Bill Passed - Senate (90 - 8)
March 18, 2020 MS HB 1647 Authorizes Local Governments and School Districts to Grant Administrative Leave with Pay In Case of Emergency Bill Passed - Senate (51 - 0)
March 18, 2020 NY S 8091 Establishes Paid Sick Leave for Employees Affected by the COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease Bill Passed - Senate (50 - 6)
March 17, 2020 KS SB 102 Expands Flexibility in Courts Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (27 - 7)
March 17, 2020 KS SB 142 Authorizes Waiver for School Hour Requirement Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (30 - 4)
March 17, 2020 MI HB 4729 Appropriates Funds for COVID-19 Coronavirus Response Concurrence Vote Passed - House (92 - 0)
March 17, 2020 SC H 4014 Appropriates Funds for the COVID-19 Public Health Response Bill Passed - Senate (42 - 0)
March 17, 2020 ID S 1428 Appropriates Funds for the State Advanced Paid/Sick Administrative Leave Program Bill Passed - Senate (33 - 0)
March 16, 2020 CA SB 89 Amends 2019-2020 State Budget to Appropriate Funds for the COVID-19 Emergency Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (32 - 0)
March 16, 2020 CA SB 117 Appropriates Funds to Public Schools Amid COVID-19 Emergency Shut-Down Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (32 - 0)
March 16, 2020 ID S 1398 Appropriates Funds for Fiscal Year 2021 to the Catastrophic Health Care Program Bill Passed - House (69 - 0)
March 16, 2020 NJ A 3859 Prohibits Evictions and Foreclosures During Emergency Circumstances Bill Passed - House (60 - 0)
March 16, 2020 IA SF 2408 Appropriates Funds, Expands Power of Governor, and Waives School Time Requirements in Response to Coronavirus Outbreak Bill Passed - Senate (43 - 0)
March 14, 2020 National HR 6201 Families First Coronavirus Response Act Bill Passed - House (363 - 40)
March 12, 2020 GA HB 792 Amends the 2020 Fiscal Year Budget to Appropriate Funds to Combat COVID-19 Conference Report Adopted - Senate (53 - 1)
March 12, 2020 FL SB 664 Requires Government Agencies Use E-Verify Immigration Check for Employment Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (23 - 17)
March 12, 2020 WA HB 2965 Appropriates Funds for COVID-19 Coronavirus Response Bill Passed - Senate (48 - 0)
March 12, 2020 UT HB 494 Appropriates Funds In Response to the COVID-19 Emergency Bill Passed - Senate (28 - 0)
March 12, 2020 AL HB 186 Appropriates Funds for COVID-19 Coronavirus Response Bill Passed - Senate (29 - 0)
March 11, 2020 FL SB 664 Requires Government Agencies Use E-Verify Immigration Check for Employment Bill Passed - House (73 - 45)
March 11, 2020 National S J Res 68 A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress Bill Passed - House (227 - 186)
March 11, 2020 National S J Res 68 A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress Bill Passed - House (227 - 186)
March 11, 2020 National HR 6172 USA FREEDOM Reauthorization Act of 2020 Bill Passed - House (278 - 136)
March 9, 2020 WA SB 6561 Establishes a Student Loan Program for Undocumented Students Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (37 - 11)
March 9, 2020 MO HJR 103 Amends the State Constitution to Create a State Department of Defense Joint Resolution Passed - House (117 - 30)
March 9, 2020 MN SF 3813 Appropriates Funding for the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Public Health Response Planning Bill Passed - Senate (56 - 0)
March 7, 2020 VA HB 1150 Eliminates Requirement that Jails and Prisons Ascertain Citizenship Status of Inmates Conference Report Adopted - Senate (21 - 19)
March 5, 2020 VA HB 1150 Eliminates Requirement that Jails and Prisons Ascertain Citizenship Status of Inmates Conference Report Adopted - House (54 - 45)
March 5, 2020 WA SB 6561 Establishes a Student Loan Program for Undocumented Students Bill Passed - House (82 - 15)
March 5, 2020 WA SB 5164 Expands Assistance for Immigrant Victims of Human Trafficking Bill Passed - House (89 - 8)
March 5, 2020 National HR 1140 Rights for Transportation Security Officers Act Bill Passed - House (230 - 171)
March 3, 2020 WA SB 5165 Prohibits Discrimination Based on Citizenship or Immigration Status Bill Passed - House (57 - 39)
March 3, 2020 OK HB 3967 Prohibits State Contracts with Companies that Boycott Israel Bill Passed - House (75 - 20)
March 3, 2020 HI SB 75 Appropriates Funds to the Departments of Health, Transportation, and Defense to Help Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic Bill Passed - Senate (25 - 0)
March 2, 2020 NY S 7919 Appropriates Funds for COVID-19 Coronavirus Response Bill Passed - House (122 - 12)
March 2, 2020 NY S 7919 Appropriates Funds for COVID-19 Coronavirus Response Bill Passed - Senate (53 - 4)
March 2, 2020 TN HJR 741 Prohibits the Governor from Solely Taking Action to Assist with the Federal Refugee Resettlement Program Bill Passed - House (71 - 25)
Feb. 24, 2020 VA SB 935 Authorizes In-State Tuition for Undocumented Students Bill Passed - House (56 - 44)
Feb. 13, 2020 NH HB 1700 Authorizes Driver's Licenses for Non-United States Citizens "Ought to Pass" Report Adopted - House (177 - 128)
Feb. 13, 2020 National S J Res 68 A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress Bill Passed - Senate (55 - 45)
Feb. 13, 2020 National S J Res 68 A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress Bill Passed - Senate (55 - 45)
Feb. 11, 2020 VA SB 935 Authorizes In-State Tuition for Undocumented Students Bill Passed - Senate (21 - 19)
Feb. 10, 2020 OK HB 3195 Requires County Jails Comply with ICE Detainer Requests Bill Passed - House (78 - 21)
Feb. 7, 2020 National HR 5687 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief and Puerto Rico Disaster Tax Relief Act, 2020 Bill Passed - House (237 - 161)
Feb. 6, 2020 VA HB 262 Prohibits Law Enforcement Questioning of an Individual's Immigration Status Bill Passed - House (57 - 42)
Feb. 6, 2020 AZ HB 2084 Authorizes Construction of Border Walls without Building Permits Bill Passed - House (31 - 29)
Feb. 4, 2020 KY SB 1 Prohibits "Sanctuary" Immigration Policies Bill Passed - Senate (28 - 10)
Feb. 3, 2020 GA SR 554 Expresses Support for Iranian People Resolution Passed - Senate (31 - 17)
Feb. 3, 2020 VA HB 340 Establishes Housing Relief to Furloughed Government Employees Bill Passed - House (65 - 34)
Jan. 30, 2020 National HR 550 No War Against Iran Act Concurrence Vote Passed - House (236 - 166)
Jan. 30, 2020 National HR 550 No War Against Iran Act Concurrence Vote Passed - House (236 - 166)
Jan. 30, 2020 National HR 550 No War Against Iran Act Concurrence Vote Passed - House (228 - 175)
Jan. 30, 2020 National HR 550 No War Against Iran Act Concurrence Vote Passed - House (228 - 175)
Jan. 30, 2020 AZ SB 1141 Expands Arrest Powers of Detention Officers Bill Passed - Senate (17 - 13)
Jan. 17, 2020 WA SB 5165 Prohibits Discrimination Based on Citizenship or Immigration Status Bill Passed - Senate (26 - 20)
Jan. 16, 2020 National HR 5430 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act Bill Passed - Senate (89 - 10)
Jan. 16, 2020 National HR 5430 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act Bill Passed - Senate (89 - 10)
Jan. 9, 2020 National H Con Res 83 Directing the President pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution to terminate the use of United States Armed Forces to engage in hostilities in or against Iran Bill Passed - House (224 - 194)
Jan. 9, 2020 National H Con Res 83 Directing the President pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution to terminate the use of United States Armed Forces to engage in hostilities in or against Iran Bill Passed - House (224 - 194)
Dec. 19, 2019 National HR 5430 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act Bill Passed - House (385 - 41)
Dec. 19, 2019 National HR 5430 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act Bill Passed - House (385 - 41)
Dec. 11, 2019 National S 1790 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 Conference Report Adopted - House (377 - 48)
Dec. 11, 2019 National HR 5038 Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2019 Bill Passed - House (260 - 165)
Dec. 6, 2019 National H Res 326 Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives regarding United States efforts to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through a negotiated two-state solution Bill Passed - House (226 - 188)
Dec. 3, 2019 National S 178 Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2019 Bill Passed - House (407 - 1)
Dec. 3, 2019 National H Res 546 Disapproving the Russian Federation's inclusion in future Group of Seven summits until it respects the territorial integrity of its neighbors and adheres to the standards of democratic societies Bill Passed - House (339 - 71)
Nov. 20, 2019 National S 1838 Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019 Bill Passed - House (417 - 1)
Nov. 18, 2019 National HR 3702 Reforming Disaster Recovery Act of 2019 Bill Passed - House (290 - 118)
Nov. 15, 2019 National HR 4863 United States Export Finance Agency Act of 2019 Bill Passed - House (235 - 184)
Date No. Title Outcome
3/19 H 5001 Appropriates Funds for the 2020-2021 Fiscal Year Budget and Related COVID-19 Containment Efforts Conference Report Adopted - Senate (32 - 0)
3/19 HB 2818 Authorizes the State Board of Education to Establish Rules During COVID-19 Bill Passed - Senate (30 - 0)
3/19 HB 2821 Establishes the State Budget for Fiscal Years 2019-2020 and Appropriates Funding for COVID-19 Initiatives Bill Passed - House (86 - 3)
3/19 SB 1694 Amends State Unemployment Laws Due to the COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic Bill Passed - Senate (30 - 0)
3/19 SB 1690 Establishes the Emergency Crisis Contingency and Safety Net Fund Bill Passed - Senate (27 - 3)
3/18 HB 1663 Establishes the "COVID-19 Public Health Emergency Protection Act of 2020" Concurrence Vote Passed - House (131 - 3)
3/18 HR 6201 Families First Coronavirus Response Act Bill Passed - Senate (90 - 8)
3/18 HB 1647 Authorizes Local Governments and School Districts to Grant Administrative Leave with Pay In Case of Emergency Bill Passed - Senate (51 - 0)
3/18 S 8091 Establishes Paid Sick Leave for Employees Affected by the COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease Bill Passed - Senate (50 - 6)
3/17 SB 102 Expands Flexibility in Courts Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (27 - 7)
3/17 SB 142 Authorizes Waiver for School Hour Requirement Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (30 - 4)
3/17 HB 4729 Appropriates Funds for COVID-19 Coronavirus Response Concurrence Vote Passed - House (92 - 0)
3/17 H 4014 Appropriates Funds for the COVID-19 Public Health Response Bill Passed - Senate (42 - 0)
3/17 S 1428 Appropriates Funds for the State Advanced Paid/Sick Administrative Leave Program Bill Passed - Senate (33 - 0)
3/16 SB 89 Amends 2019-2020 State Budget to Appropriate Funds for the COVID-19 Emergency Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (32 - 0)
3/16 SB 117 Appropriates Funds to Public Schools Amid COVID-19 Emergency Shut-Down Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (32 - 0)
3/16 S 1398 Appropriates Funds for Fiscal Year 2021 to the Catastrophic Health Care Program Bill Passed - House (69 - 0)
3/16 A 3859 Prohibits Evictions and Foreclosures During Emergency Circumstances Bill Passed - House (60 - 0)
3/16 SF 2408 Appropriates Funds, Expands Power of Governor, and Waives School Time Requirements in Response to Coronavirus Outbreak Bill Passed - Senate (43 - 0)
3/14 HR 6201 Families First Coronavirus Response Act Bill Passed - House (363 - 40)
3/12 HB 792 Amends the 2020 Fiscal Year Budget to Appropriate Funds to Combat COVID-19 Conference Report Adopted - Senate (53 - 1)
3/12 SB 664 Requires Government Agencies Use E-Verify Immigration Check for Employment Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (23 - 17)
3/12 HB 2965 Appropriates Funds for COVID-19 Coronavirus Response Bill Passed - Senate (48 - 0)
3/12 HB 494 Appropriates Funds In Response to the COVID-19 Emergency Bill Passed - Senate (28 - 0)
3/12 HB 186 Appropriates Funds for COVID-19 Coronavirus Response Bill Passed - Senate (29 - 0)
3/11 SB 664 Requires Government Agencies Use E-Verify Immigration Check for Employment Bill Passed - House (73 - 45)
3/11 S J Res 68 A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress Bill Passed - House (227 - 186)
3/11 S J Res 68 A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress Bill Passed - House (227 - 186)
3/11 HR 6172 USA FREEDOM Reauthorization Act of 2020 Bill Passed - House (278 - 136)
3/09 SB 6561 Establishes a Student Loan Program for Undocumented Students Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate (37 - 11)
3/09 HJR 103 Amends the State Constitution to Create a State Department of Defense Joint Resolution Passed - House (117 - 30)
3/09 SF 3813 Appropriates Funding for the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Public Health Response Planning Bill Passed - Senate (56 - 0)
3/07 HB 1150 Eliminates Requirement that Jails and Prisons Ascertain Citizenship Status of Inmates Conference Report Adopted - Senate (21 - 19)
3/05 HB 1150 Eliminates Requirement that Jails and Prisons Ascertain Citizenship Status of Inmates Conference Report Adopted - House (54 - 45)
3/05 SB 6561 Establishes a Student Loan Program for Undocumented Students Bill Passed - House (82 - 15)
3/05 SB 5164 Expands Assistance for Immigrant Victims of Human Trafficking Bill Passed - House (89 - 8)
3/05 HR 1140 Rights for Transportation Security Officers Act Bill Passed - House (230 - 171)
3/03 SB 5165 Prohibits Discrimination Based on Citizenship or Immigration Status Bill Passed - House (57 - 39)
3/03 HB 3967 Prohibits State Contracts with Companies that Boycott Israel Bill Passed - House (75 - 20)
3/03 SB 75 Appropriates Funds to the Departments of Health, Transportation, and Defense to Help Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic Bill Passed - Senate (25 - 0)
3/02 S 7919 Appropriates Funds for COVID-19 Coronavirus Response Bill Passed - House (122 - 12)
3/02 S 7919 Appropriates Funds for COVID-19 Coronavirus Response Bill Passed - Senate (53 - 4)
3/02 HJR 741 Prohibits the Governor from Solely Taking Action to Assist with the Federal Refugee Resettlement Program Bill Passed - House (71 - 25)
2/24 SB 935 Authorizes In-State Tuition for Undocumented Students Bill Passed - House (56 - 44)
2/13 HB 1700 Authorizes Driver's Licenses for Non-United States Citizens "Ought to Pass" Report Adopted - House (177 - 128)
2/13 S J Res 68 A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress Bill Passed - Senate (55 - 45)
2/13 S J Res 68 A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran that have not been authorized by Congress Bill Passed - Senate (55 - 45)
2/11 SB 935 Authorizes In-State Tuition for Undocumented Students Bill Passed - Senate (21 - 19)
2/10 HB 3195 Requires County Jails Comply with ICE Detainer Requests Bill Passed - House (78 - 21)
2/07 HR 5687 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for Disaster Relief and Puerto Rico Disaster Tax Relief Act, 2020 Bill Passed - House (237 - 161)
2/06 HB 262 Prohibits Law Enforcement Questioning of an Individual's Immigration Status Bill Passed - House (57 - 42)
2/06 HB 2084 Authorizes Construction of Border Walls without Building Permits Bill Passed - House (31 - 29)
2/04 SB 1 Prohibits "Sanctuary" Immigration Policies Bill Passed - Senate (28 - 10)
2/03 SR 554 Expresses Support for Iranian People Resolution Passed - Senate (31 - 17)
2/03 HB 340 Establishes Housing Relief to Furloughed Government Employees Bill Passed - House (65 - 34)
1/30 HR 550 No War Against Iran Act Concurrence Vote Passed - House (236 - 166)
1/30 HR 550 No War Against Iran Act Concurrence Vote Passed - House (236 - 166)
1/30 HR 550 No War Against Iran Act Concurrence Vote Passed - House (228 - 175)
1/30 HR 550 No War Against Iran Act Concurrence Vote Passed - House (228 - 175)
1/30 SB 1141 Expands Arrest Powers of Detention Officers Bill Passed - Senate (17 - 13)
1/17 SB 5165 Prohibits Discrimination Based on Citizenship or Immigration Status Bill Passed - Senate (26 - 20)
1/16 HR 5430 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act Bill Passed - Senate (89 - 10)
1/16 HR 5430 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act Bill Passed - Senate (89 - 10)
1/09 H Con Res 83 Directing the President pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution to terminate the use of United States Armed Forces to engage in hostilities in or against Iran Bill Passed - House (224 - 194)
1/09 H Con Res 83 Directing the President pursuant to section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution to terminate the use of United States Armed Forces to engage in hostilities in or against Iran Bill Passed - House (224 - 194)
12/19 HR 5430 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act Bill Passed - House (385 - 41)
12/19 HR 5430 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement Implementation Act Bill Passed - House (385 - 41)
12/11 S 1790 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 Conference Report Adopted - House (377 - 48)
12/11 HR 5038 Farm Workforce Modernization Act of 2019 Bill Passed - House (260 - 165)
12/06 H Res 326 Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives regarding United States efforts to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through a negotiated two-state solution Bill Passed - House (226 - 188)
12/03 S 178 Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2019 Bill Passed - House (407 - 1)
12/03 H Res 546 Disapproving the Russian Federation's inclusion in future Group of Seven summits until it respects the territorial integrity of its neighbors and adheres to the standards of democratic societies Bill Passed - House (339 - 71)
11/20 S 1838 Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019 Bill Passed - House (417 - 1)
11/18 HR 3702 Reforming Disaster Recovery Act of 2019 Bill Passed - House (290 - 118)
11/15 HR 4863 United States Export Finance Agency Act of 2019 Bill Passed - House (235 - 184)
Page 21 of 46
arrow_upward